tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-37288854344813465772024-03-06T10:18:57.034+05:30বাংলা জগতে আপনাকে স্বাগত জানাই।এটি একটি বাংলা কবিতা, গল্প, উপন্যাস প্রভ্তির উত্স॥Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger34125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-48100388670651874082011-11-10T19:00:00.000+05:302011-11-10T19:03:13.142+05:30Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</th> </tr> <tr class=""> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><br /><span style="">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</span></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Born</th> <td class="" style="">26 September 1820<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghatal_subdivision" title="Ghatal subdivision">Ghatal subdivision</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur" title="Paschim Medinipur" class="mw-redirect">Paschim Medinipur</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Died</th> <td class="" style="">29 July 1891 (aged 70)<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta" class="mw-redirect">Calcutta</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Occupation</th> <td class="role" style="">Writer, reformer, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">lecturer</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Nationality</th> <td class="category" style="">malyahlamunahhu</td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Ethnicity</th> <td class="" style="">Bengali</td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Genres</th> <td class="category" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher" title="Philosopher" class="mw-redirect">Philosopher</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic" title="Academic" class="mw-redirect">academic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educator" title="Educator" class="mw-redirect">educator</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translator" title="Translator" class="mw-redirect">translator</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publisher" title="Publisher" class="mw-redirect">publisher</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur" title="Entrepreneur">entrepreneur</a>, <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reformer" class="extiw" title="wikt:reformer">reformer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropist" title="Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect">philanthropist</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Literary movement</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">CIE</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">ঈশ্বর চন্দ্র বিদ্যাসাগর</span> <i>Ishshor Chôndro Biddashagor</i> 26 September 1820 – 29 July 1891), born <b>Ishwar Chandra Bandopadhyaya</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">ঈশ্বর চন্দ্র বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়</span>, <i>Ishshor Chôndro Bôndopaddhae</i>), was an Indian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> and a key figure of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Vidyasagar was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher" title="Philosopher" class="mw-redirect">philosopher</a>, academic, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educator" title="Educator" class="mw-redirect">educator</a>, writer, translator, printer, publisher, entrepreneur, reformer, and philanthropist. His efforts to simplify and modernize <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bangla</a> prose were significant. He also rationalized and simplified the Bengali alphabet and type, which had remained unchanged since <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wilkins" title="Charles Wilkins">Charles Wilkins</a> and Panchanan Karmakar had cut the first wooden Bangla <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_font" title="Type font" class="mw-redirect">type fonts</a> in 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>He received the title "Vidyasagar" ("Ocean of learning" or "Ocean of knowledge") from the Calcutta Sanskrit College (where he graduated), due to his excellent performance in Sanskrit studies and philosophy. In Sanskrit, <i>Vidya</i> means knowledge or learning and <i>Sagar</i> means ocean or sea. This title was mainly given for his vast knowledge in all subjects which was compared to the vastness of the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-sahitya-akademi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#cite_note-sahitya-akademi-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle"> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#Teaching_career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Teaching career</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#A_compassionate_reformist"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">A compassionate reformist</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#Widow_remarriages"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Widow remarriages</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#Alphabet_reform_and_Vidyasagar.27s_other_contributions"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Alphabet reform and Vidyasagar's other contributions</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#Meeting_with_Sri_Ramakrishna"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Meeting with Sri Ramakrishna</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#Trivia"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Trivia</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h2> <p>Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar was born at Birsingha village, in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghatal" title="Ghatal">Ghatal</a> subdivision of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a> District, in 26 September 1820 A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-sahitya-akademi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#cite_note-sahitya-akademi-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> to a poor religious family. Actually, Birsingha is now a village in the Ghatal subdivison of Pashchim Medinipur district, but at the time when Vidyasagar was born, this village was part of then <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooghly" title="Hooghly">Hooghly</a> district. His parents were Thakurdas Bandyopadhyay and Bhagavati Devi. The childhood days of Vidyasagar were spent in abject poverty. After the completion of elementary education at the village school, his father took him to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a>. Ishwar Chandra was a brilliant student. It is believed that Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar learned English numbers by following the mile-stones labels on his way to Calcutta at the age of eight years. His quest for knowledge was so intense that he used to study on street light as it was not possible for him to afford a gas lamp at home. He cleared all the examinations with excellence and in quick succession. He was rewarded with a number of scholarships for his academic performance. To support himself and the family Ishwar Chandra also took a part-time job of teaching at Jorashanko.</p> <p>In the year 1839, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar successfully cleared his Law examination. In 1841, at the age of twenty one years, Ishwar Chandra joined the Fort William College as a head of the Sanskrit department.</p> <p>After five years, in 1846, Vidyasagar left Fort William College and join the Sanskrit College as 'Assistant Secretary'. In the first year of service, Ishwar Chandra recommended a number of changes to the existing education system. This report resulted into a serious altercation between Ishwar Chandra and College Secretary Rasomoy Dutta. In 1849, he again joined Sanskrit College, as a professor of literature. In 1851, Iswar Chandra became the principal of Sanskrit College. In 1855, he was made special inspector of schools with additional charges. But following the matter of Rasomoy Dutta, Vidyasagar resigned from Sanskrit College and rejoined Fort William College but as a head clerk.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Teaching career">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Teaching_career">Teaching career</span></h2> <p>Vidyasagar in Calcutta and many other reformers in Bombay set up schools for girls. When the first schools were opened in the mid nineteenth century, many people were afraid of them. They feared that schools would take away girls from home and prevent them from doing their domestic duties. Moreover, girls would have to travel through public places in order to reach school. They thought that girls should stay away from public spaces. Therefore, most educated women were taught at home by their liberal fathers or husbands.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kolkata_Vidyasagar_House.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kolkata_Vidyasagar_House.jpg/200px-Kolkata_Vidyasagar_House.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="169" width="200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kolkata_Vidyasagar_House.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Vidyasagar House, in Kolkata.</div> </div> </div> <p>In 1841, Vidyasagar took the job of a Sanskrit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">pandit</a> (professor) at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William_College" title="Fort William College">Fort William College</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta" class="mw-redirect">Calcutta</a>). In 1846, he joined the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_College" title="Sanskrit College">Sanskrit College</a> as Assistant Secretary. A year later, he and a friend of his, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Tarkalankar" title="Madan Mohan Tarkalankar">Madan Mohan Tarkalankar</a>, set up the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_Press_and_Depository" title="Sanskrit Press and Depository">Sanskrit Press and Depository</a>, a print shop and a bookstore.</p> <p>While Vidyasagar was working at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_College" title="Sanskrit College">Sanskrit College</a>, some serious differences arose between him and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rasamoy_Dutta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasamoy Dutta (page does not exist)">Rasamoy Dutta</a> who was then the Secretary of the College, and so he resigned in 1849. One of the issues was that while Rasamoy Dutta wanted the College to remain a Brahmin preserve, Vidyasagar wanted it to be opened to students from all <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_caste_system" title="Hindu caste system" class="mw-redirect">castes</a>.</p> <p>Later, Vidyasagar rejoined the College, and introduced many far-reaching changes to the College's syllabus.</p> <p>In the face of opposition from the Hindu establishment, Vidyasagar vigorously promoted the idea that regardless of their caste, both men and women mathe mathe should receive the best education. His remarkable clarity of vision is instanced by his brilliant plea for teaching of science, mathematics and the philosophies of John Locke and David Hume, to replace most of ancient Hindu philosophy. His own books, written for primary school children, reveal a strong emphasis on enlightened materialism, with scant mention of God and religious verities - a fact that posits him as a pioneer of the Indian Renaissance.</p> <p>Vidyasagar's house at Calcutta is in the process of being transformed into a museum. It is located at 36, Vidyasagar Street, Kolkata 700 006. Telephone : 033 2360 5093. Access is along Amherst Street, southwards from it's junction with Vivekananda Road. Proceed along Amherst Street from this junction up to the first park on the left. The park has a milk vending booth at a corner. Turn left at the booth, and again left at the end of the park. Vidyasagar's house is on the right and is marked IGNOU. Open between 11 AM and 5 PM, the visit is worth the effort. The main regret is that it is almost entirely in Bengali, and the few English translations, are unsatisfactory. The displays are hazy in parts. Entrance fee is Rs 2/-. Carry drinking water. Limited parking area is available very close to the museum.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: A compassionate reformist">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="A_compassionate_reformist">A compassionate reformist</span></h2> <p>Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar would start crying in distress whenever he saw poor and weak people lying on the footpath and street. Though he was very outspoken and blunt in his mannerisms, yet Vidyasagar had a heart of Gold. He was also known for his charity and philanthropy as "Daya-r sagar" - ocean of kindness, for his immense generosity. He always reflected and responded to distress calls of the poor, sufferings of the sick and injustice to humanity. While being a student at Sanskrit College, he would spend part of his scholarship proceeds and cook paayesh (rice pudding) to feed the poor and buy medicines for the sick.</p> <p>Later on, when he started earning, he paid fixed sums of monthly allowances to each member of his joint family, to family servants, to needy neighbours, to villagers who needed help and to his village surgery and school. This he continued without break even when he was unemployed and had to borrow substantially from time to time.</p> <p>Vidyasagar did not believe that money was enough to ease the sufferings of humanity. He opened the doors of the Sanskrit College to lower caste students (previously it was exclusive to the Brahmins), nursed sick cholera patients, went to crematoriums to bury unclaimed dead bodies, dined with the untouchables and walked miles as a messenger-man to take urgent messages to people who would benefit from them.</p> <p>When the eminent Indian Poet of the 19th century, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutta" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutta" class="mw-redirect">Michael Madhusudan Dutta</a>, fell hopelessly into debts due to his reckless lifestyle during his stay in Versailles, France, he appealed for help to Vidyasagar, who laboured to ensure that sums owed to Michael from his property at home were remitted to him and sent him a large sum of money to France.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Widow remarriages">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Widow_remarriages">Widow remarriages</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow_Remarriage_Act" title="Widow Remarriage Act" class="mw-redirect">Widow Remarriage Act</a></div> <p>Vidyasagar championed the uplift of the status of women in India, particularly in his native <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. Unlike some other reformers who sought to set up alternative societies or systems, he sought, however, to transform orthodox Hindu society "from within".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>With valuable moral support from people like Akshay Kumar Dutta, Vidyasagar introduced the practice of widow remarriages to mainstream Hindu society. In earlier times, remarriages of widows would occur sporadically only among progressive members of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samāj</a>. The prevailing deplorable custom of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulin_Brahmin" title="Kulin Brahmin">Kulin Brahmin</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> allowed elderly men — sometimes on their deathbeds — to marry teenage or even prepubescent girls, supposedly to spare their parents the shame of having an unmarried girl attain puberty in their house. After such marriages, these girls would usually be left behind in their parental homes, where they might be cruelly subjected to orthodox rituals, especially if they were subsequently widowed. These included a semi starvation diet, rigid and dangerous daily rituals of purity and cleanliness, hard domestic labour, and close restriction on their freedom to leave the house or be seen by strangers. Unable to tolerate the ill treatment, many of these girls would run away and turn to prostitution to support themselves. Ironically, the economic prosperity and lavish lifestyles of the city made it possible for many of them to have quite successful careers once they had stepped out of the sanction of society and into the demi-monde. In 1853 it was estimated that Calcutta had a population of 12,718 prostitutes and public women.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Vidyasagar took the initiative in proposing and pushing through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widow_Remarriage_Act" title="Widow Remarriage Act" class="mw-redirect">Widow Remarriage Act</a> XV of 1856 in India. He also demonstrated that the system of polygamy without restriction was not sanctioned by the ancient Hindu Shastras.<sup id="cite_ref-Romesh_Dutt_1962_p._117_6-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#cite_note-Romesh_Dutt_1962_p._117-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alphabet reform and Vidyasagar's other contributions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Alphabet_reform_and_Vidyasagar.27s_other_contributions">Alphabet reform and Vidyasagar's other contributions</span></h2> <p>Vidyasagar reconstructed the Bengali alphabet and reformed Bengali typography into an alphabet (actually <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>) of twelve vowels and forty consonants.</p> <p>Vidyasagar contributed significantly to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> literature.</p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vidyasagar_Setu.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Vidyasagar_Setu.jpg/220px-Vidyasagar_Setu.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="165" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vidyasagar_Setu.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Vidyasagar Setu</div> </div> </div> <p>He was a great man and introduced many moments for the freedom of women. Rectitude and courage were the hallmarks of Vidyasagar's character, and he was certainly ahead of his time. In recognition of his scholarship and cultural work the government designated Vidyasagar a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Companion of the Indian Empire" class="mw-redirect">Companion of the Indian Empire</a> (CIE) in 1877<sup id="cite_ref-Romesh_Dutt_1962_p._117_6-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#cite_note-Romesh_Dutt_1962_p._117-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> In the final years of life, he chose to spend his days among the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhal" title="Santhal" class="mw-redirect">Santhals</a>", an old tribe in India.</p> <p>Shortly after Vidyasagar's death, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranāth Tāgore</a> reverently wrote about him: "One wonders how God, in the process of producing forty million Bengalis, produced a man!" <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar"></span> and he was arefoemer</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Meeting with Sri Ramakrishna">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Meeting_with_Sri_Ramakrishna">Meeting with Sri Ramakrishna</span></h2> <p>One of the important chapters in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gospel_of_Sri_Ramakrishna" title="The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna">The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna</a> is the depiction of the meeting between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Ramakrishna" title="Sri Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect">Sri Ramakrishna</a>, the 19th century Indian saint and mystic, and Vidyasagar. The meeting was arranged by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendranath_Gupta" title="Mahendranath Gupta">Mahendranath Gupta</a>, better known as M, the author of the Bengali version of the Gospel, a lay disciple of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a> and the then headmaster in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metropoliton_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropoliton school (page does not exist)">Metropoliton school</a> owned by Vidyasagar. At that time Vidyasagar used to stay in Badur bagan in North Calcutta. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Ramakrishna" title="Sri Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect">Sri Ramakrishna</a> in the course of the conversation apparently praised him on his philanthropic activities, kindness and compassion and suggested him to do these activities in a selfless spirit. Vidyasagar was himself secular and liberal in his outlook even though he was born in an orthodox Hindu Brahmin family. He was highly educated and hence influenced by Western thoughts and ideas. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a> in contrast did not have any formal education. According to the gospel Ramakrishna discussed various topics including the world of duality and trascendental nature of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, citing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parables" title="Parables" class="mw-redirect">parables</a> of the salt doll, the wood cutter and the ant and the sugar hill, on discrimination between true and false knowledge, on different manifestations of God's power, on ego and suffering, on power of faith etc. <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trivia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Trivia">Trivia</span></h2> <p><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidyasagar_Setu" title="Vidyasagar Setu">Vidyasagar Setu</a></b> (commonly known as the Second Hooghly Bridge), is a bridge over the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India. It links the city of Howrah to its twin city of Kolkata. The bridge is named after Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.</p> <p>A fair named <b>Vidyasagar Mela</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">বিদ্যাসাগর মেলা</span> <i>Biddashagor Mêla</i>), which is dedicated to spreading education and increasing social awareness, has been held annually in West Bengal since 1994. Since 2001, it has been held simultaneously in Kolkata and Birsingha.</p> <p>There is a reputed college named after him and it is located in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_street" title="College street" class="mw-redirect">college street</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> and a university in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschim_Midnapore" title="Paschim Midnapore" class="mw-redirect">Paschim Midnapore</a>.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-75891315491671806432011-11-10T18:56:00.000+05:302011-11-10T19:00:12.106+05:30Ram Mohan Roy<div class="metadata topicon" id="protected-icon" style="display:none; right:55px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" height="20" width="20" /></a></div> <table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><span class="fn">Raja Ram Mohan Roy<br />রাজা রামমোহন রায়</span></th> </tr> <tr class=""> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy.jpg" height="329" width="200" /></a><br /><span style="">Raja Ram Mohun Roy portrait</span></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Born</th> <td class="" style="">22 May 1772<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhanagore" title="Radhanagore">Radhanagore</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Died</th> <td class="" style="">27 September 1833 (aged 61)<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapleton,_Bristol" title="Stapleton, Bristol">Stapleton, Bristol</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Cause of death</th> <td class="" style="">Meningitis</td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Resting place</th> <td class="label" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnos_Vale_Cemetery" title="Arnos Vale Cemetery">Arnos Vale Cemetery</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Nationality</th> <td class="category" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_people" title="Hindustani people">Hindustani</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Other names</th> <td class="nickname" style="">Rammohun, Rammohan, or Ram Mohan</td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Ethnicity</th> <td class="category" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Hindu" title="Bengali Hindu" class="mw-redirect">Bengali Hindu</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Occupation</th> <td class="role" style="">Social Reformer</td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Known for</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Successor</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Religion</th> <td class="category" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Spouse</th> <td class="" style="">Uma Devi</td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Parents</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramakanta_Roy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramakanta Roy (page does not exist)">Ramakanta Roy</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Raja Ram Mohan Roy</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">রাজা রামমোহন রায়</span>) (22 May 1772 – 27 September 1833) was an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> religious, social, and educational reformer who challenged traditional Hindu culture and indicated the lines of progress for Indian society under British rule. He is sometimes called the father of modern India<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from August 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. He founded, along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a> and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people" title="Bengali people">Bengalis</a>, of the <i>Brahmo Sabha</i> in 1828, which engendered the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a>, an influential Indian socio-religious reform movement during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a>. His influence was apparent in the fields of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. He is known for his efforts to abolish the practice of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_%28practice%29" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> funeral practice in which the widow immolated herself on her husband's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral_pyre" title="Funeral pyre" class="mw-redirect">funeral pyre</a>.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle"> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#Early_life_and_education_.281772.E2.80.931792.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and education (1772–1792)</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#Early_political_and_religious_career_.281792.E2.80.931820.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early political and religious career (1792–1820)</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#Middle_.22Brahmo.22_period_.281820.E2.80.931830.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Middle "Brahmo" period (1820–1830)</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#Life_in_England_and_death_.281830.E2.80.931833.29"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Life in England and death (1830–1833)</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#Personal"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Personal</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#Religious_reforms"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Religious reforms</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#Social_Reforms_of_Rammohan"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Social Reforms of Rammohan</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#Educationist"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Educationist</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#Journalist"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Journalist</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#Cenotaph"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Cenotaph</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span></h2> <h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_education_.281772.E2.80.931792.29">Early life and education (1772–1792)</span></h3> <p>Roy was born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhanagore" title="Radhanagore">Radhanagore</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, in August 1772<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> or May 22, 1774,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulin_Brahmins" title="Kulin Brahmins">Rarhi Brahmin caste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> His family background displayed religious diversity; his father Ramkanto Roy was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavite" title="Vaishnavite" class="mw-redirect">Vaishnavite</a>, while his mother Tarinidevi was from a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaite" title="Shivaite" class="mw-redirect">Shivaite</a> family. This was unusual for Vaishanavites did not commonly marry Shaivites at that time. Thus, one parent wanted him to be a scholar, a <i>sastrin</i>, while the other wanted him to have a career dedicated to the <i>laukik</i>, which was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular" title="Secular" class="mw-redirect">secular</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public" title="Public">public</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_%28business%29" title="Administration (business)" class="mw-redirect">administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> He wandered around <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and went to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.</p> <h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_political_and_religious_career_.281792.E2.80.931820.29">Early political and religious career (1792–1820)</span></h3> <p>Ram Mohan Roy's impact on modern Indian history concerned a revival of the ethics principles of the Vedanta school of philosophy as found in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>. He preached about the unity of God, made early translations of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic" title="Vedic" class="mw-redirect">Vedic</a> scriptures into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, co-founded the Calcutta Unitarian Society, founded the Brahmo Samaj, and campaigned against sati. He sought to integrate Western culture with features of his own country's traditions. He established schools to modernize a system of education in India.</p> <p>During these overlapping periods<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_%28dates_and_numbers%29#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)" class="mw-redirect"><span title="The time period in the vicinity of this tag is ambiguous from July 2010">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, Ram Mohan Roy acted as a political <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agitator" title="Agitator">agitator</a> and agent,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> whilst being employed by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> and simultaneously pursuing his vocation as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a>.</p> <p>In 1792, the British <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist" title="Baptist" class="mw-redirect">Baptist</a> shoemaker <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carey_%28missionary%29" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a> published his missionary tract "<i>An Enquiry of the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of Heathens</i>. In the following year, William Carey landed in India to settle. His objective was to translate, publish and distribute the Bible in Indian languages and propagate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to the Indian peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> He realized the "mobile" (i.e. service classes) Brahmins and Pundits were most able to help him in this endeavor, and he began gathering them. He learned the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist" title="Buddhist" class="mw-redirect">Buddhist</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain" title="Jain" class="mw-redirect">Jain</a> religious works as a means to improve his argument in promotion for Christianity in the cultural context. In 1795, Carey made contact with a Sanskrit scholar, the Tantric Hariharananda Vidyabagish,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> who later introduced him to Ram Mohan Roy; Roy wished to learn English.</p> <p>Between 1796 and 1797 the trio of Carey, Vidyavagish and Roy fabricated a spurious religious work known as the "Maha Nirvana <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>" (or "Book of the Great Liberation")<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> and attempted to portray it as an ancient religious text to "the One True God", which was actually the Holy Spirit of Christianity masquerading as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>. The document's judicial sections were used in the law courts of the English Settlement in Bengal as Hindu Law for adjudicating upon property disputes of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindari" title="Zamindari" class="mw-redirect">zamindari</a>. However, British magistrates and collectors<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words" class="mw-redirect"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from July 2010">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> began to suspect it as a forgery; its usage, as well as the reliance on pundits as sources of Hindu Law, was quickly deprecated. Vidyavagish has a brief falling out with Carey and separated from the group but maintained ties to Ram Mohan Roy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> The Maha Nirvana Tantra's significance for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a> lay in the wealth that accumulated to Rammohan Roy and Dwarkanath Tagore by its judicial use, and not due to any religious wisdom within.</p> <p>In 1799, Carey was joined by missionary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Marshman" title="Joshua Marshman">Joshua Marshman</a> and the printer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ward_%28missionary%29" title="William Ward (missionary)">William Ward</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> settlement of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serampore" title="Serampore">Serampore</a>.</p> <p>From 1803 till 1815, Rammohan served the East India Company's "Writing Service", commencing as private clerk "munshi" to Thomas Woodforde, Registrar of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellate_Court" title="Appellate Court" class="mw-redirect">Appellate Court</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> whose distant nephew, also a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a>, later made a living off the spurious Maha Nirvana Tantra under the pseudonym <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Avalon" title="Arthur Avalon" class="mw-redirect">Arthur Avalon</a>. In 1815, Raja Ram Mohan Roy formed <i>Atmiya Sabhan spent many years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_%28dates_and_numbers%29#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dates and numbers)" class="mw-redirect"><span title="The time period in the vicinity of this tag is ambiguous from July 2010">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpur,_Bangladesh" title="Rangpur, Bangladesh">Rangpur</a> and elsewhere with Digby, where he renewed his contacts with Hariharananda. William Carey had, by this time, settled at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serampore" title="Serampore">Serampore</a> and the trio renewed their association with one another. William Carey was also aligned with the English Company, then headquartered at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William,_India" title="Fort William, India" class="mw-redirect">Fort William</a>, and his religious and political ambitions were increasingly intertwined.</i></p> <p>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> was taking money from India at a rate of three million pounds a year in 1838. Ram Mohan Roy estimated how much money was being driven out of India and where it was headed towards. He predicted that around half of the total revenue collected in India was sent out to England, leaving India to fill taxes with the remaining money.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>At the turn of the 19th century, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims" class="mw-redirect">Muslims</a>, although considerably decreased after the battles of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plassey" title="Plassey" class="mw-redirect">Plassey</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxar" title="Buxar">Buxar</a>, still posed a political threat to the Company. Rammohan was now chosen by Carey to be the agitator among them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Under Carey's secret tutelage<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> in the next two decades, Rammohan launched his attack against the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> of Bengal, namely his own Kulin Brahmin priestly clan (then in control of the many temples of Bengal) and their priestly excesses. The social and theological issues Carey chose for Rammohan were calculated to weaken the hold of the dominant Kulin class, especially their younger disinherited sons forced into service who constituted the mobile gentry or "bhadralok" of Bengal, from the Mughal zamindari system and align them to their new overlords of Company. The Kulin excesses targeted included child marriage and dowry. In fact, Carey tried to convert Raja to Christianity and appointed a religious priest to try convert Raja, although the priest later accepted Hinduism.</p> <h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_.22Brahmo.22_period_.281820.E2.80.931830.29">Middle "Brahmo" period (1820–1830)</span></h3> <p>Commenting on his published works, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivanath_Sastri" title="Sivanath Sastri">Sivanath Sastri</a> wrote that Roy was part of a second appeal to the Christian Public. Brahmanical Magazine Parts I, II and III, with Bengali <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> and a new Bengali newspaper called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambad_Kaumudi" title="Sambad Kaumudi">Sambad Kaumudi</a>, was processed in 1821. In 1822, A Persian paper called <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirat-ul-Akbar" title="Mirat-ul-Akbar">Mirat-ul-Akbar</a></i> contained a tract entitled "Brief Remarks on Ancient Female Rights"; a book in Bengali called Answers to Four Questions was released the same year. The third and final appeal to the Christian public took place in 1823. Roy wrote a letter to Rev. H. Ware on the "Prospects of Christianity in India" and an "Appeal for Famine-Smitten Natives in Southern India" in 1824. A Bengali tract on the qualifications of a God-loving householder, a tract in Bengali on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversy" title="Controversy">controversy</a> with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a>, and a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammar</a> of the Bengali language in English were written in 1826. A Sanskrit tract on "Divine Worship by Gayatri" with an English translation, the edition of a Sanskrit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> against caste, and the previously noticed tract called "Answer of a Hindu to the Question" was released in 1827. A form of divine worship and a collection of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymns" title="Hymns" class="mw-redirect">hymns</a> were composed by Roy and his friends in 1828. In 1829, "Religious Instructions founded on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred" title="Sacred">Sacred</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorities" title="Authorities" class="mw-redirect">Authorities</a>" was published in English and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>; a Bengali tract called "Anusthan" was also published that year. A petition against Suttee also took place in 1829. In 1830, Roy was in charge of a Bengali tract, a Bengali book concerning the Bengali language, the trust deed of the Brahmo Samaj, an address to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Lord William Bentinck</a> congratulating him for the abolition of Sati, a document in English of the arguments regarding the burning of widows, and a tract in English on the disposal of ancestral property by Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Life_in_England_and_death_.281830.E2.80.931833.29">Life in England and death (1830–1833)</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ram_Mohan_Roy.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ram_Mohan_Roy.JPG/220px-Ram_Mohan_Roy.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="293" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ram_Mohan_Roy.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Statue in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Green,_Bristol" title="College Green, Bristol">College Green, Bristol</a>, England</div> </div> </div> <p>In 1830, Ram Mohan Roy travelled to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> from the Khejuri Port, which was then the sea port of Bengal and is currently in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midnapore" title="East Midnapore" class="mw-redirect">East Midnapore</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> At the time, Roy was an ambassador of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_emperor" title="Mughal emperor" class="mw-redirect">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_II" title="Akbar II" class="mw-redirect">Akbar II</a>, who conferred on him the title of Raja to convince the British government for welfare of India and to ensure that the Lord Bentick's regulation banning the practice of Sati was not overturned. Roy also visited France.</p> <p>Roy died at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stapleton,_Bristol" title="Stapleton, Bristol">Stapleton</a>, which was then a village to the north east of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> but currently a suburb, on September 27, 1833. His cause of death was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>; he was buried in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnos_Vale_Cemetery" title="Arnos Vale Cemetery">Arnos Vale Cemetery</a> in southern Bristol.</p> <h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Personal">Personal</span></h3> <p>Ram Mohan Roy was married three times. Roy's third wife, Uma Devi, outlived him.</p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Religious_reforms">Religious reforms</span></h2> <p>The religious reforms of Roy contained in beliefs of the Brahmo Samaj expounded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajnarayan_Basu" title="Rajnarayan Basu">Rajnarayan Basu</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> are: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmos" title="Brahmos" class="mw-redirect">Brahmos</a> believe that the fundamental doctrines of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a> are at the basis of every religion, followed by man; Brahmos believe in the existence of One Supreme God, and worship Him alone. Brahmos believe that worship of Him needs no fixed place or time.</p> <h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Social_Reforms_of_Rammohan">Social Reforms of Rammohan</span></h3> <p>Roy demanded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> rights for women and, in 1828, set up the <i>Brahmo Sabha</i>, which was a movement of reformist Bengalis formed to fight against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_evil" title="Social evil" class="mw-redirect">social evils</a>.</p> <p>Roy's political background influenced his social and religious to reforms of Hinduism. He wrote: "The present system of Hindoos <i>[sic]</i> is not well calculated to promote their political interests…. It is necessary that some change should take place in their religion, at least for the sake of their political advantage and social comfort."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Rammohan Roy's experience working with the British government taught him that Hindu traditions were often not respected or thought as credible by Western <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_%28norm%29" title="Convention (norm)">standards</a>; this affected his religious reforms. He wanted to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimize" title="Legitimize" class="mw-redirect">legitimize</a> Hindu traditions to his European <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquaintance" title="Acquaintance" class="mw-redirect">acquaintances</a> by proving that "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstitious" title="Superstitious" class="mw-redirect">superstitious</a> practices which deform the Hindoo religion have nothing to do with the pure <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit" title="Spirit">spirit</a> of its dictates! <i>[sic]</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> The "superstitious practices" Rammohun Roy objected included sati, caste rigidity, polygamy and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> These practices were often the reasons British officials claimed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> superiority over the Indian nation. Ram Mohan Roy's ideas of religion sought to create a fair and just society by implementing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian" title="Humanitarian" class="mw-redirect">humanitarian</a> practices similar to Christian ideals and thus legitimize Hinduism in the modern world.</p> <h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Educationist">Educationist</span></h3> <p>Roy believed education to be an implement for social reform. In 1817, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a> with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hare_%28philanthropist%29" title="David Hare (philanthropist)">David Hare</a>, he set up the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_College,_Kolkata" title="Presidency College, Kolkata" class="mw-redirect">Hindu College</a> at Calcutta. In 1822, Roy founded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Hindu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-Hindu (page does not exist)">Anglo-Hindu</a> school, followed four years later by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> College, where he insisted that his teachings of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheistic" title="Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect">monotheistic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrines" title="Doctrines" class="mw-redirect">doctrines</a> be incorporated with "modern, western curriculum"; Vedanta College offered courses as a synthesis of Western and Indian learning.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1830, he helped <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Duff_%28missionary%29" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Alexander Duff</a> in establishing the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Church_College,_Calcutta" title="Scottish Church College, Calcutta">General Assembly's Institution</a>, by providing him the venue vacated by <i>Brahma Sabha</i> and getting the first batch of students. Roy supported induction of western learning into Indian education. He advocated the study of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, western <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>. He spent his money on a college to promote these studies.</p> <h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Journalist">Journalist</span></h3> <p>Roy published <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a> in English, Hindi, Persian, and Bengali. He published Brahmonical Magazine in English in 1821. One notable magazine of his was the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambad_Kaumudi" title="Sambad Kaumudi">Sambad Kaumudi</a></i>, published in 1821. In 1822, Ram Mohan published Mirat-ul-Akbar in Persian language.</p> <p>Brahmonical Magazine ceased to exist after publication of few<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words" class="mw-redirect"><span title="Who says this? from July 2010">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> issues. But Sambad Kaumudi, a news weekly, covered topics such as freedom of press, induction of Indians into high ranks of service and separation of the executive and judiciary. Sambad Kaumudi became bi-weekly in January 1830 and continued for 33 years.</p> <p>He published newspaper to register his protest against the introduction of Press Ordinance of 1823. The ordinance stated that a license from the Governor General in council would be mandatory to publish any newspaper. When the English Company censored the press, Rammohan composed two memorials against this in 1829 and 1830 respectively. Being an activist, he steadily opposed social atrocities like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_%28practice%29" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>.</p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cenotaph">Cenotaph</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arnosvale.indian.notice.arp.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Arnosvale.indian.notice.arp.jpg/220px-Arnosvale.indian.notice.arp.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="144" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arnosvale.indian.notice.arp.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Epitaph for Ram Mohan Roy on his cenotaph</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arnosvale.indian.grave.arp.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arnosvale.indian.grave.arp.jpg/220px-Arnosvale.indian.grave.arp.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="158" width="220" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arnosvale.indian.grave.arp.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Cenotaph of Ram Mohan Roy in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arno%27s_Vale_Cemetery" title="Arno's Vale Cemetery" class="mw-redirect">Arno's Vale Cemetery</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England</div> </div> </div> <p>The tomb was built by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a> in 1843, 10 years after Rammohan Roy's death in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> on Sep 27, 1833; the tomb is located in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnos_Vale_Cemetery" title="Arnos Vale Cemetery">Arnos Vale Cemetery</a> on the outskirts of Bristol. In 1845, Dwarkanath Tagore arranged for Rammohan's remains to be removed and returned to India through Roy's nephew, who had accompanied Dwarkanath for this purpose to Britain. Rammohan's relics were cremated near Kolkata on February 28, 1846 by his family.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In September 2006, representatives from the Indian High Commission came to Bristol to mark the anniversary of Ram Mohan Roy's death. During the ceremony <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> women sang <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> prayers of thanks.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Following this visit, the Mayor of Kolkata <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikash_Ranjan_Bhattacharya" title="Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya" class="mw-redirect">Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya</a>, who was amongst the representatives from the Indian High Commission, decided to raise funds to restore the cenotaph.</p> <p>In June 2007, businessman Aditya Poddar donated £50,000 towards the restoration of Rammohan's memorial after being approached by the Mayor of Calcutta for funding.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In June 2008, the Arnos Vale restorers conceded that they could not locate Roy's remains at the site after searching for it by digging. Thebrahmosamaj.net stated, "To everyone`s surprise the coffin was not to be seen under the chattri."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Dharm" title="Adi Dharm">Adi Dharm</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmo" title="Brahmo">Brahmo</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_School,_Kolkata" title="Hindu School, Kolkata">Hindu School, Kolkata</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_College,_Kolkata" title="Presidency College, Kolkata" class="mw-redirect">Presidency College, Kolkata</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Church_College,_Calcutta" title="Scottish Church College, Calcutta">Scottish Church College, Calcutta</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_reformers_of_India" title="Social reformers of India">Social reformers of India</a></li></ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-66841030013594680432011-11-10T18:49:00.000+05:302011-11-10T18:54:36.786+05:30Kazi Nazrul Islam<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;">Kazi Nazrul Islam</th> </tr> <tr class=""> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazrul.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nazrul.jpg/200px-Nazrul.jpg" height="269" width="200" /></a><br /><span style="">Kazi Nazrul Islam in 1920</span></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Born</th> <td class="" style="">24 May 1899<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churulia" title="Churulia">Churulia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdwan_District" title="Burdwan District" class="mw-redirect">Burdwan District</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India" title="British India" class="mw-redirect">British India</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Died</th> <td class="" style="">29 August 1976 (aged 77)<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Nationality</th> <td class="category" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Bangladesh.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" height="12" width="20" /></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladeshi</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <hr /> <div id="NavFrame1" class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; background:transparent; text-align:left;">Influences<a id="NavToggle1" class="NavToggle">[show]</a></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr class=""> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <hr /> <div id="NavFrame2" class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; background:transparent; text-align:left;">Influenced<a id="NavToggle2" class="NavToggle">[show]</a></div> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <dl><dd><i>For details about his philosophical works, see the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_Bertrand_Russell" title="Template:Infobox Bertrand Russell" class="mw-redirect">Infobox</a>.</i></dd></dl> <p><b>Kazi Nazrul Islam</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn"><big>কাজী নজরুল ইসলাম</big></span> <i>Kazi Nozrul Islam</i>) (24 May 1899–29 August 1976), sobriquet <b>Bidrohi Kobi</b>, was a Bengali poet, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">musician</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">revolutionary</a> who pioneered poetic works espousing intense spiritual rebellion against <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> and oppression. His poetry and nationalist activism earned him the popular title of <i>Bidrohi Kobi</i> (<b>Rebel Poet</b>). Accomplishing a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Works_of_Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Complete Works of Kazi Nazrul Islam" class="mw-redirect">large body of acclaimed works</a> through his life, Nazrul is officially recognised as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_poet" title="National poet" class="mw-redirect">national poet</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and commemorated in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</p> <p>Born into a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> quazi (justice) family in India, Nazrul received religious education and worked as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muezzin" title="Muezzin">muezzin</a> at a local <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>. He learned of poetry, drama, and literature while working with theatrical groups. After serving in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a>, Nazrul established himself as a journalist in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> (then Calcutta). He assailed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in India and preached revolution through his poetic works, such as "Bidrohi" ("The Rebel") and "Bhangar Gaan" ("The Song of Destruction"), as well as his publication "Dhumketu" ("The Comet"). His impassioned activism in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> often led to his imprisonment by British authorities. While in prison, Nazrul wrote the "Rajbandir Jabanbandi" ("Deposition of a Political Prisoner"). Exploring the life and conditions of the downtrodden masses of India, Nazrul worked for their emancipation.</p> <p>Nazrul's writings explore themes such as love, freedom, and revolution; he opposed all bigotry, including religious and gender. Throughout his career, Nazrul wrote short stories, novels, and essays but is best-known for his poems, in which he pioneered new forms such as Bengali <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazals</a>. Nazrul wrote and composed music for his nearly 4,000 songs (including gramophone records),<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> collectively known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_Works_of_Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Complete Works of Kazi Nazrul Islam" class="mw-redirect">Nazrul geeti</a> (Nazrul songs), which are widely popular today. At the age of 43 (in 1942) he began suffering from an unknown disease, losing his voice and memory. It is often said, the reason was slow poisoning by British Government. It caused Nazrul's health to decline steadily and forced him to live in isolation for many years. Invited by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect">Government of Bangladesh</a>, Nazrul and his family moved to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> in 1972, where he died four years later.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle"> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#Rebel_poet"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Rebel poet</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#Revolutionary"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Revolutionary</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#Mass_music"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Mass music</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#Exploring_religion"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Exploring religion</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#Later_life_and_illness"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Later life and illness</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#Criticism_and_legacy"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism and legacy</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#Renowned_Nazrul_Sangeet_singers"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Renowned Nazrul Sangeet singers</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazi_Nazrul_Islam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:177px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NazrulArmy.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/NazrulArmy.jpg/175px-NazrulArmy.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="267" width="175" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NazrulArmy.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Nazrul in the Army</div> </div> </div> <p>Kazi Nazrul Islam was born in the village of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churulia" title="Churulia">Churulia</a> near Asansol in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdwan_District" title="Burdwan District" class="mw-redirect">Burdwan District</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> (now located in the Indian state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-instibio_1-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-instibio-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> He was born in a powerful <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> Taluqdar family and was the second of three sons and a daughter, Nazrul's father Kazi Faqeer Ahmed was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> and caretaker of the local mosque and mausoleum. Nazrul's mother was Zahida Khatun. Nazrul had two brothers, Kazi Saahibjaan and Kazi Ali Hussain, and a sister, Umme Kulsum. Nicknamed <i>Dukhu Mian</i> (Sad Man), Nazrul began attending the <i>maktab</i> & <i>madarsa</i> ; the local religious school run by the mosque & <i>dargah</i> where he studied the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an" class="mw-redirect">Qur'an</a> and other scriptures, Islamic philosophy and theology. His family was devastated with the death of his father in 1908. At the young age of ten, Nazrul began working in his father's place as a caretaker to support his family, as well as assisting teachers in school. He later became the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muezzin" title="Muezzin">muezzin</a> at the mosque, delivering the <i>Azaan</i> and calling the people for prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MOF2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-MOF2-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Attracted to folk theatre, Nazrul joined a <i>leto</i> (travelling theatrical group) run by his uncle Fazl e Karim. Working and travelling with them, learning <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">acting</a>, as well as writing songs and poems for the plays and musicals.<sup id="cite_ref-instibio_1-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-instibio-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Through his work and experiences, Nazrul began learning Bengali and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a>, as well as Hindu scriptures such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>. The young poet composed a number of folk plays for his group, which included "Chashaar Shong" ("The drama of a peasant"), "Shakunibadh" ("The Killing of <i>Shakuni</i> a character from the epic <i>Mahabharata</i>"), "Raja Yudhisthirer Shong" ("The drama of King <i>Yudhisthira</i> again from the <i>Mahabharata</i>"), "Daata Karna" ("Philanthropic <i>Karna</i> from the <i>Mahabharata</i>"), "Akbar Badshah" ("Emperor <i>Akbar</i>"), "Kavi Kalidas" ("Poet <i>Kalidas</i>"), "Vidyan hutum" ("The Learned Owl"), and "Rajputrer Shong" ("The drama of a Prince"),<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 1910, Nazrul left the troupe and enrolled at the Searsole Raj High School in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raniganj" title="Raniganj">Raniganj</a> (where he came under influence of teacher, revolutionary and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a> activist Nibaran Chandra Ghatak, and initiated life-long friendship with fellow author Sailajananda Mukhopadhyay, who was his classmate), and later transferred to the Mathrun High English School, studying under the headmaster and poet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumudranjan_Mallik" title="Kumudranjan Mallik" class="mw-redirect">Kumudranjan Mallik</a>. Unable to continue paying his school fees, Nazrul left the school and joined a group of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavigan" title="Kavigan">kaviyals</a>. Later he took jobs as a cook at the house of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" title="Christian">Christian</a> railway guard and at the most famous bakery of the region <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wahid%27s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wahid's (page does not exist)">Wahid's</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Wahid" title="Abdul Wahid">Abdul Wahid</a> and tea stall in the town of Asansol. In 1914, Nazrul studied in the Darirampur School (now <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Kabi_Kazi_Nazrul_Islam_University" title="Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University">Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University</a>) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trishal" title="Trishal" class="mw-redirect">Trishal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh_District" title="Mymensingh District">Mymensingh District</a>. Amongst other subjects, Nazrul studied Bengali, Sanskrit, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">classical music</a> under teachers who were impressed by his dedication and skill.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Studying up to Class X, Nazrul did not appear for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculation</a> pre-test examination, enlisting instead in the Indian Army in 1917 at the age of eighteen. He joined the British army mainly for two reasons: first, his youthful romantic inclination to respond to the unknown and, secondly, the call of politics.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Attached to the 49th <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Regiment" title="Bengal Regiment">Bengal Regiment</a>, he was posted to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonment" title="Cantonment">cantonment</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, where he wrote his first prose and poetry. Although he never saw active fighting, he rose in rank from corporal to <i>havildar</i>, and served as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster" title="Quartermaster">quartermaster</a> for his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> During this period, Nazrul read extensively, and was deeply influenced by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a>, as well as the Persian poets <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_%28poet%29" title="Hafez (poet)" class="mw-redirect">Hafez</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam" class="mw-redirect">Omar Khayyam</a>. He learnt Persian poetry from the regiment's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_people" title="Punjabi people">Punjabi</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulvi" title="Moulvi" class="mw-redirect">moulvi</a>, practiced music and pursued his literary interests. His first prose work, "Baunduler Atmakahini" ("Life of a Vagabond") was published in May, 1919. His poem "Mukti" ("Freedom") was published by the "Bangla Mussalman Sahitya Patrika" ("Bengali Muslim Literary Journal") in July 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazi_Nazrul_Islam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rebel poet">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Rebel_poet">Rebel poet</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazrul1.gif" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Nazrul1.gif" class="thumbimage" height="300" width="200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazrul1.gif" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Young Nazrul</div> </div> </div> <p>Nazrul left the army in 1920 and settled in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a>, which was then the "cultural capital" of India (it had ceased to be the political capital in 1911).<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_5-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Hall-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> He joined the staff of the “Bangiya Mussalman Sahitya Samiti” ("Bengali Muslim Literary Society") and roomed at 32 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Street_%28Kolkata%29" title="College Street (Kolkata)">College Street</a> with colleagues. He published his first novel "Bandhan-hara" ("Freedom from bondage") in 1920, which he kept working on over the next seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> His first collection of poems included "Bodhan", "Shat-il-Arab", "Kheya-parer Tarani" and "Badal Prater Sharab" and received critical acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Working at the literary society, Nazrul grew close to other young Muslim writers including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Md.Mozammel_Haque" title="Md.Mozammel Haque">Mohammad Mozammel Haq</a>, Afzalul Haq, Kazi Abdul Wadud and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shahidullah" title="Muhammad Shahidullah">Muhammad Shahidullah</a>. He was a regular at clubs for Calcutta's writers, poets and intellectuals like the Gajendar Adda and the Bharatiya Adda. In October 1921, Nazrul went to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiniketan" title="Santiniketan">Santiniketan</a> with Muhammad Shahidullah and met Rabindranath Tagore. Despite many differences, Nazrul looked to Tagore as a mentor and the two remained in close association.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1921, Nazrul was engaged to be married to Nargis, the niece of a well-known Muslim publisher Ali Akbar Khan, in Daulatpur, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comilla_District" title="Comilla District">Comilla</a>. But on June 18, 1921—the day of the wedding—upon public insistence by Ali Akbar Khan that the term "<i>Nazrul must reside in Daulatpur after marriage</i>" be included in the marriage contract, Nazrul walked away from the ceremony.</p> <p>Nazrul reached the peak of fame with the publication of "Bidrohi" in 1922, which remains his most famous work, winning admiration of India's literary classes by his description of the rebel whose impact is fierce and ruthless even as its spirit is deep:.<sup id="cite_ref-Amin_1996_106_6-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Amin_1996_106-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <blockquote> <p>I am the unutterable grief,<br />I am the trembling first touch of the virgin,<br />I am the throbbing tenderness of her first stolen kiss.<br />I am the fleeting glance of the veiled beloved,<br />I am her constant surreptitious gaze...<br />...<br />I am the burning volcano in the bosom of the earth,<br />I am the wild fire of the woods,<br />I am Hell's mad terrific sea of wrath!<br />I ride on the wings of lightning with joy and profundity,<br />I scatter misery and fear all around,<br />I bring earth-quakes on this world! <small>“(8th stanza)”</small> I am the rebel eternal,<br />I raise my head beyond this world,<br />High, ever erect and alone! <small>“(Last stanza)”</small><sup id="cite_ref-Bidrohi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Bidrohi-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> (<i>English translation by Kabir Choudhary</i>)</p> </blockquote> <p>Published in the "Bijli" (<i>Thunder</i>) magazine, the rebellious language and theme was popularly received, coinciding with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Cooperation_Movement" title="Non-Cooperation Movement" class="mw-redirect">Non-cooperation movement</a> — the first, mass nationalist campaign of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> against British rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Nazrul explores a synthesis of differ forces in a rebel, destroyer and preserver, expressing rage as well as beauty and sensitivity. Nazrul followed up by writing "Pralayollas" ("Destructive Euphoria"), and his first anthology of poems, the "Agniveena" ("Lyre of Fire") in 1922, which enjoyed astounding and far-reaching success. He also published his first volume of short stories, the "Byather Dan" ("Gift of Sorrow") and "Yugbani", an anthology of essays.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazi_Nazrul_Islam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revolutionary">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazrul10.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Nazrul10.jpg/200px-Nazrul10.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="235" width="200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazrul10.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Nazrul with his first son Bulbul; his wife Pramila seated right and his mother-in-law Giribala Devi seated left, behind whom stands Bulbul's nanny</div> </div> </div> <p>Nazrul started a bi-weekly magazine, publishing the first "Dhumketu" (<i>Comet</i>) on August 12, 1922. Earning the moniker of the "rebel poet”, Nazrul also aroused the suspicion of British authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-instibio_1-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-instibio-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> A political poem published in "Dhumketu" in September 1922 led to a police raid on the magazine's office. Arrested, Nazrul entered a lengthy plea before the judge in the court.</p> <blockquote> <p>I have been accused of sedition. That is why I am now confined in the prison. On the one side is the crown, on the other the flames of the comet. One is the king, sceptre in hand; the other Truth worth the mace of justice. To plead for me, the king of all kings, the judge of all judges, the eternal truth the living God... His laws emerged out of the realization of a universal truth about mankind. They are for and by a sovereign God. The king is supported by an infinitesimal creature; I by its eternal and indivisible Creator. I am a poet; I have been sent by God to express the unexpressed, to portray the unportrayed. It is God who is heard through the voice of the poet... My voice is but a medium for Truth, the message of God... I am the instrument of that eternal self-evident truth, an instrument that voices forth the message of the ever-true. I am an instrument of God. The instrument is not unbreakable, but who is there to break God?<sup id="cite_ref-sedition_8-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-sedition-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p>On April 14, 1923 he was transferred from the jail in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hooghly</a> in Kolkata, he began a 40-day fast to protest mistreatment by the British jail superintendent. Nazrul broke his fast more than a month later and was eventually released from prison in December 1923. Nazrul composed a large number of poems and songs during the period of imprisonment and many his works were banned in the 1920s by the British authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Kazi Nazrul Islam became a critic of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat struggle</a>, condemning it as hollow, religious fundamentalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Nazrul's rebellious expression extended to rigid orthodoxy in the name of religion and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Nazrul also criticised the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> for not embracing outright political independence from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. He became active in encouraging people to agitate against British rule, and joined the Bengal state unit of the Congress party.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Nazrul also helped organise the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sramik_Praja_Swaraj_Dal" title="Sramik Praja Swaraj Dal" class="mw-redirect">Sramik Praja Swaraj Dal</a>, a political party committed to national independence and the service of the peasant masses. On December 16, 1925 Nazrul started publishing the weekly "Langal”, with himself as chief editor.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The "Langal" was the mouthpiece of the Sramik Praja Swaraj Dal.</p> <p>During his visit to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comilla" title="Comilla">Comilla</a> in 1921, Nazrul met a young Hindu woman, Pramila Devi, with whom he fell in love and they married on April 25, 1924. Pramila belonged to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a>, which criticised her marriage to a Muslim. Nazrul in turn was condemned by Muslim religious leaders and continued to face criticism for his personal life and professional works, which attacked social and religious dogma and intolerance. Despite controversy, Nazrul's popularity and reputation as the "rebel poet" rose significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <blockquote> <p>Weary of struggles, I, the great rebel,<br />Shall rest in quiet only when I find<br />The sky and the air free of the piteous groans of the oppressed.<br />Only when the battle fields are cleared of jingling bloody sabres<br />Shall I, weary of struggles, rest in quiet,<br />I the great rebel.<sup id="cite_ref-Bidrohi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Bidrohi-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazi_Nazrul_Islam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mass music">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Mass_music">Mass music</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KNIHunting.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/KNIHunting.jpg/200px-KNIHunting.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="180" width="200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KNIHunting.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Nazrul on a hunting trip with friends in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarpur" title="Sundarpur">Sundarpur</a><sup class="plainlinks noprint Inline-Template" style="vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/%7Edispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py?page=Kazi_Nazrul_Islam&editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/editintro&client=Template:Dn"><span title="Link needs disambiguation from October 2011">disambiguation needed</span> </a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InterlanguageLinks-Asset-Pencil-Hover.gif" class="image" title="link="><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/InterlanguageLinks-Asset-Pencil-Hover.gif" height="10" width="10" /></a></i>]</sup>, India</div> </div> </div> <p>With his wife and young son Bulbul, Nazrul settled in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a> in 1926. His work began to transform as he wrote poetry and songs that articulated the aspirations of the downtrodden classes, a sphere of his work known as "mass music."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Nazrul assailed the socio-economic norms and political system that had brought upon misery. From his poem 'Daridro' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">দারিদ্র</span> (poverty or pain):</p> <blockquote> <p>O poverty, thou hast made me great.<br />Thou hast made me honoured like Christ<br />With his crown of thorns. Thou hast given me<br />Courage to reveal all. To thee I owe<br />My insolent, naked eyes and sharp tongue.<br />Thy curse has turned my violin to a sword...<br />O proud saint, thy terrible fire<br />Has rendered my heaven barren.<br />O my child, my darling one<br />I could not give thee even a drop of milk<br />No right have I to rejoice.<br />Poverty weeps within my doors forever<br />As my spouse and my child.<br />Who will play the flute?<sup id="cite_ref-WB_12-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-WB-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazrul2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Nazrul2.jpg/150px-Nazrul2.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="248" width="150" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazrul2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Kazi Nazrul Islam</div> </div> </div> <p>In what his contemporaries regarded as one of his greatest flairs of creativity, Nazrul began composing the very first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazals</a> in Bengali, transforming a form of poetry written mainly in Persian and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MOF2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-MOF2-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Nazrul became the first person to introduce Islam into the larger mainstream tradition of Bengali music. The first record of Islamic songs by Nazrul Islam was a commercial success and many gramophone companies showed interest in producing these. A significant impact of Nazrul was that it drew made Muslims more comfortable in the Bengali Arts, which used to be dominated by Hindus. Nazrul also composed a number of notable <i>Shamasangeet</i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></i>, combining Hindu devotional music.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Arousing controversy and passions in his readers, Nazrul's ideas attained great popularity across India. In 1928, Nazrul began working as a lyricist, composer and music director for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Master%27s_Voice" title="His Master's Voice">His Master's Voice</a> Gramophone Company. The songs written and music composed by him were broadcast on radio stations across the country. He was also enlisted/attached with the Indian Broadcasting Company.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Nazrul professed faith in the belief in the equality of women — a view his contemporaries considered revolutionary.<sup id="cite_ref-Amin_1996_106_6-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Amin_1996_106-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> From his poet <i>Nari</i> (Woman):</p> <blockquote> <p>I don't see any difference<br />Between a man and woman<br />Whatever great or benevolent achievements<br />That are in this world<br />Half of that was by woman,<br />The other half by man. (Translated by Sajed Kamal<sup id="cite_ref-SK_15-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-SK-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup>)</p> </blockquote> <p>His poetry retains long-standing notions of men and women in binary opposition to one another and does not affirm gender similarities and flexibility in the social structure:</p> <blockquote> <p>Man has brought the burning, scorching heat of the sunny day;<br />Woman has brought peaceful night, soothing breeze and cloud.<br />Man comes with desert-thirst; woman provides the drink of honey.<br />Man ploughs the fertile land; woman sows crops in it turning it green.<br />Man ploughs, woman waters; that earth and water mixed together, brings about a harvest of golden paddy.<sup id="cite_ref-SK_15-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-SK-15"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p>However, Nazrul's poems strongly emphasise the confluence of the roles of both sexes and their equal importance to life. He stunned society with his poem "Barangana" ("Prostitute"), in which he addresses a prostitute as "mother".<sup id="cite_ref-Huda_314_16-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Huda_314-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Nazrul accepts the prostitute as a human being, reasoning that this person was breast-fed by a noble woman and belonging to the race of "mothers and sisters"; he assails society's negative notions of prostitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><br /><br /></p> <blockquote> <p>Who calls you a prostitute, mother?<br />Who spits at you?<br />Perhaps you were suckled by someone<br />as chaste as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeta" title="Seeta" class="mw-redirect">Seeta</a>.<br />...<br />And if the son of an unchaste mother is 'illegitimate',<br />so is the son of an unchaste father.<br />("Barangana" ("Prostitute") Translated by Sajed Kamal<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup>)</p> </blockquote> <p>Nazrul was an advocate of the emancipation of women; both traditional and non-traditional women were portrayed by him with utmost sincerity.<sup id="cite_ref-Huda_314_16-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Huda_314-16"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Nazrul's songs are collectively called as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazrul_Sangeet" title="Nazrul Sangeet" class="mw-redirect">Nazrul geeti</a></i>.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazi_Nazrul_Islam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exploring religion">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Exploring_religion">Exploring religion</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:188px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kazi_nazrul_islam.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d6/Kazi_nazrul_islam.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="240" width="186" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kazi_nazrul_islam.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Kazi Nazrul Islam</div> </div> </div> <p>Nazrul's mother died in 1928, and his second son Bulbul died of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> the following year. His first son, Krishna Mohammad had died prematurely. His wife gave birth to two more sons — Savyasachi in 1928 and Aniruddha in 1931 — but Nazrul remained shaken and aggrieved for a long time.</p> <blockquote> <p>Come back my birdie! Come back again to my empty bosom! <i>Shunno e bookey paakhi mor aaye! Phirey aaye phirey aaye!</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p>His works changed significantly from rebellious expositions of society to deeper examination of religious themes. His works in these years led Islamic devotional songs into the mainstream of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_music" title="Bengali music" class="mw-redirect">Bengali folk music</a>, exploring the Islamic practices of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namaz" title="Namaz" class="mw-redirect">namaz</a></i> (prayer), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawm" title="Sawm">roza</a></i> (fasting), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a></i> (pilgrimage) and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat" class="mw-redirect">zakat</a></i> (charity). This was regarded by his contemporaries as a significant achievement as Bengali Muslims had been strongly averse to devotional music.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> Nazrul's creativity diversified as he explored Hindu devotional music by composing <i>Shama Sangeet</i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">bhajans</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtans</a></i>, often merging Islamic and Hindu values. Nazrul's poetry and songs explored the philosophy of Islam and Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <blockquote> <p>Let people of all countries and all times come together. At one great union of humanity. Let them listen to the flute music of one great unity. Should a single person be hurt, all hearts should feel it equally. If one person is insulted; it is a shame to all mankind, an insult to all! Today is the grand uprising of the agony of universal man.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>The <i>badnaa</i>, a water jug typical in usage by Bengali Muslims for ablutions (<i>wazu</i>) and bath (<i>ghusl</i>) and the <i>gaaru</i> a water pot typical in usage by Bengali Hindus, meet and embrace each other under the peace of the new pact (between the rioting Hindus and Muslims in Bengal during the British Raj on certain politico-religious differences and disputes that had preceded the said pact). There is no knife in the hand of the Muslim and also the Hindu does not wield the bamboo any more! <i>Bodna gaaru te kolakuli korey! Nobo pact er aashnaai! Musholmaaner haatey naai chhuri! Hindur haatey baansh naai!</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p>Nazrul's poetry imbibed the passion and creativity of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>, which is identified as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, the personification of primordial energy. He wrote and composed many <i>bhajans</i>, <i>shyamasangeet</i>, <i>agamanis</i> and <i>kirtans</i>. He also composed large number of songs on invocation to Lord <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, Goddesses <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a> and on the theme of love of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MOF2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-MOF2-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Nazrul assailed fanaticism in religion, denouncing it as evil and inherently irreligious. He devoted many works to expound upon the principle of human equality, exploring the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an" class="mw-redirect">Qur'an</a></i> and the life of Islam's prophet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. Nazrul has been compared to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" title="William Butler Yeats" class="mw-redirect">William Butler Yeats</a> for being the first Muslim poet to create imagery and symbolism of Muslim historical figures such as Qasim, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Kamal Pasha</a>, Anwar Pasha and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sedition_8-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-sedition-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> His vigorous assault on extremism and mistreatment of women provoked condemnation from Muslim and Hindu fundamentalists.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>In 1920, Nazrul expressed his vision of religious harmony in an editorial in <i>Joog Bani</i>,</p> <blockquote> <p>“Come brother <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>! Come <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Musalman</a>! Come <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist" title="Buddhist" class="mw-redirect">Buddhist</a>! Come <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian" title="Christian">Christian</a>! Let us transcend all barriers, let us foresake forever all smallness, all lies, all selfishness and let us call brothers as brothers. We shall quarrel no more”.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p>In another article entitled <i>Hindu Mussalman</i> published in <i>Ganabani</i> on September 2, 192 he wrote -</p> <blockquote> <p>‘’I can tolerate Hinduism and Muslims but I cannot tolerate the Tikism (Tiki is a tuft of never cut hair kept on the head by certain Hindus to maintain personal Holiness) and beardism. Tiki is not Hinduism. It may be the sign of the pundit. Similarly beard is not Islam, it may be the sign of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">mollah</a>. All the hair-pulling have originated from those two tufts of hair. Todays fighting is also between the Pundit and the Mollah: It is not between the Hindus and the Muslims. No prophet has said, ‘’I have come for Hindus I have come for Muslims I have come for Christians.” They have said, “I have come for the humanity for everyone, like light’’. But the devotees of Krishna says, “Krishna is for Hindus”. The followers of Muhammad (Sm) says, “Muhammad (Sm) is for the Muslims”. The Disciple of Christ is for Christian”. Krishna-Muhammad-Christ have become national property. This property is the root of all trouble. Men do not quarrel for light but they quarrel over cattle.”<sup id="cite_ref-Moniruzzaman_153.E2.80.9354_25-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Moniruzzaman_153.E2.80.9354-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p>Nazrul was an exponent of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moniruzzaman_153.E2.80.9354_25-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Moniruzzaman_153.E2.80.9354-25"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> Although a Muslim, he named his sons with both Hindu and Muslim names: Krishna Mohammad, Arindam Khaled(bulbul), Kazi Sabyasachi and Kazi Aniruddha.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazi_Nazrul_Islam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life and illness">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Later_life_and_illness">Later life and illness</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:144px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kazi_Nazrul_1930s.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e4/Kazi_Nazrul_1930s.png" class="thumbimage" height="195" width="142" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kazi_Nazrul_1930s.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Nazrul, in the 1930s</div> </div> </div> <p>In 1933, Nazrul published a collection of essays titled "Modern World Literature", in which he analyses different styles and themes of literature. Between 1928 and 1935 he published 10 volumes containing 800 songs of which more than 600 were based on classical <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragas" title="Ragas" class="mw-redirect">ragas</a></i>. Almost 100 were folk tunes after <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtans" title="Kirtans" class="mw-redirect">kirtans</a></i> and some 30 were patriotic songs. From the time of his return to Kolkata until he fell ill in 1941, Nazrul composed more than 2,600 songs, many of which have been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-MOF2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-MOF2-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> His songs based on <i>baul</i>, <i>jhumur</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhali" title="Santhali" class="mw-redirect">Santhali</a><sup class="plainlinks noprint Inline-Template" style="vertical-align:text-top;white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/%7Edispenser/cgi-bin/dab_solver.py?page=Kazi_Nazrul_Islam&editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/editintro&client=Template:Dn"><span title="Link needs disambiguation from October 2011">disambiguation needed</span> <img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/InterlanguageLinks-Asset-Pencil-Hover.gif" height="10" width="10" /></a></i>]</sup> folksongs, jhanpan or the folk songs of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_charmers" title="Snake charmers" class="mw-redirect">snake charmers</a></i>, <i>bhatiali</i> and <i>bhaoaia</i> consist of tunes of folk-songs on the one hand and a refined lyric with poetic beauty on the other. Nazrul also wrote and published poems for children.<sup id="cite_ref-MOF2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-MOF2-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Nazrul's success soon brought him into Indian theatre and the then-nascent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">film industry</a>. The first picture for which he worked was based on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girish_Chandra_Ghosh" title="Girish Chandra Ghosh">Girish Chandra Ghosh</a>'s story "Bhakta Dhruva" in 1934. Nazrul acted in the role of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a> and directed the film. He also composed songs for it, directed the music and served as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playback_singer" title="Playback singer">playback singer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-14" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The film "Vidyapati" ("Master of Knowledge") was produced based on his recorded play in 1936, and Nazrul served as the music director for the film adaptation of Tagore's novel <i>Gora</i>. Nazrul wrote songs and directed music for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachin_Sengupta" title="Sachin Sengupta">Sachin Sengupta</a>'s bioepic play "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siraj-ud-Daula" title="Siraj-ud-Daula" class="mw-redirect">Siraj-ud-Daula</a>". In 1939, Nazrul began working for Calcutta Radio, supervising the production and broadcasting of the station's musical programmes. He produced critical and analytic documentaries on music, such as "Haramoni" and "Navaraga-malika". Nazrul also wrote a large variety of songs inspired by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">raga</a> <i>Bhairav</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> Nazrul sought to preserve his artistic integrity by condemning the adaptation of his songs to music composed by others and insisting on the use of tunes he composed himself.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from October 2011">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>Nazrul's wife Pramila Devi fell seriously ill in 1939 and was paralysed from waist down. To provide for his wife's medical treatment, he resorted to mortgaging the royalties of his gramophone records and literary works for 400 rupees.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamal_325_28-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Kamal_325-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> He returned to journalism in 1940 by working as chief editor for the daily newspaper "Nabayug" ("New Age"), founded by the eminent Bengali politician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamal_325_28-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Kamal_325-28"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Nazrul also was shaken by the death of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> on August 8, 1941. He spontaneously composed two poems in Tagore's memory, one of which, "Rabihara" (loss of Rabi or without Rabi) was broadcast on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a>. Within months, Nazrul himself fell seriously ill and gradually began losing his power of speech. His behaviour became erratic, and spending recklessly, he fell into financial difficulties. In spite of her own illness, his wife constantly cared for her husband. However, Nazrul's health seriously deteriorated and he grew increasingly depressed. He underwent medical treatment under <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a> as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a>, but little progress was achieved before mental dysfunction intensified and he was admitted to a mental asylum in 1942. Spending four months there without making progress, Nazrul and his family began living a silent life in India. In 1952, he was transferred to a mental hospital in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a>. With the efforts of a large group of admirers who called themselves the "Nazrul Treatment Society" as well as prominent supporters such as the Indian politician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mookerjee" title="Syama Prasad Mookerjee">Syama Prasad Mookerjee</a>, the treatment society sent Nazrul and Promila to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, then to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> for treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamal_326_29-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Kamal_326-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> Examining doctors said he had received poor care, and Dr. Hans Hoff, a leading <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgeon" title="Neurosurgeon" class="mw-redirect">neurosurgeon</a> in Vienna, diagnosed that Nazrul was suffering from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a>. His condition judged to be incurable, Nazrul returned to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta" class="mw-redirect">Calcutta</a> on 15 December 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamal_326_29-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Kamal_326-29"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> On June 30, 1962 his wife Pramila died and Nazrul remained in intensive medical care. In 1972, the newly independent nation of Bangladesh obtained permission from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> to bring Nazrul to live in Dhaka and accorded him honorary citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-Banglapedia_2-15" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-Banglapedia-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Despite receiving treatment and attention, Nazrul's physical and mental health did not improve. In 1974, his youngest son, Kazi Aniruddha, an eminent guitarist died, and Nazrul soon succumbed to his long-standing ailments on August 29, 1976. In accordance with a wish he had expressed in one of his poems, he was buried beside a mosque on the campus of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a>. Tens of thousands of people attended his funeral; Bangladesh observed two days of national mourning and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Parliament" title="Indian Parliament" class="mw-redirect">Indian Parliament</a> observed a minute of silence in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazi_Nazrul_Islam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism and legacy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism_and_legacy">Criticism and legacy</span></h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazrul_Tomb_2.A.M.R.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Nazrul_Tomb_2.A.M.R.jpg/250px-Nazrul_Tomb_2.A.M.R.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="188" width="250" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazrul_Tomb_2.A.M.R.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Nazrul's tomb near the Dhaka University campus mosque</div> </div> </div> <p>Nazrul's poetry is characterised by an abundant use of rhetorical devices, which he employed to convey conviction and sensuousness. He often wrote without care for organisation or polish. His works have often been criticized for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egotism" title="Egotism">egotism</a>, but his admirers counter that they carry more a sense of self-confidence than ego. They cite his ability to defy God yet maintain an inner, humble devotion to Him.<sup id="cite_ref-sedition_8-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-sedition-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Nazrul's poetry is regarded as rugged but unique in comparison to Tagore's sophisticated style. Nazrul's use of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> vocabulary was controversial but it widened the scope of his work.<sup id="cite_ref-sedition_8-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-sedition-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Nazrul's works for children have won acclaim for his use of rich language, imagination, enthusiasm and an ability to fascinate young readers.<sup id="cite_ref-sedition_8-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-sedition-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Nazrul is regarded for his secularism. He was the first person to cite of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians" title="Christians" class="mw-redirect">Christians</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in his novel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mrityukhudha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mrityukhudha (page does not exist)">Mrityukhudha</a>. He was also the first user of folk terms in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a>. He first printed the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_and_Hammer" title="Sickle and Hammer" class="mw-redirect">Sickle and Hammer</a> in any <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> magazine.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from December 2009">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nazrul pioneered new styles and expressed radical ideas and emotions in a large body of work. Scholars credit him for spearheading a cultural renaissance in Muslim-majority Bengal, "liberating" poetry and literature in Bengali from its medieval mould. Nazrul was awarded the Jagattarini Gold Medal in 1945 — the highest honour for work in Bengali literature by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> — and awarded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a>, one of India's highest civilian honours in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> The Government of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> conferred upon him the status of being the "national poet". He was awarded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekushey_Padak" title="Ekushey Padak">Ekushey Padak</a> by the Government of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. He was awarded Honorary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.Litt." title="D.Litt." class="mw-redirect">D.Litt.</a> by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a> . Many centres of learning and culture in India and Bangladesh have been founded and dedicated to his memory. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazrul_Endowment" title="Nazrul Endowment">Nazrul Endowment</a> is one of several scholarly institutions established to preserve and expound upon his thoughts and philosophy, as well as the preservation and analysis of the large and diverse collection of his works. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Nazrul_Sena" title="Bangladesh Nazrul Sena">Bangladesh Nazrul Sena</a> is a large public organization working for the education of children throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaji_Nazrul_Islam#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-20137539014961955012011-11-10T18:47:00.000+05:302011-11-10T18:48:52.709+05:30Banaphool<p><b>Banaphool</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">বনফুল</span> (literally meaning <b>The Wild Flower</b> in Bengali) is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengali</a> author, playwright and poet, <b>Balāi Chānd Mukhopādhyāy</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">বলাইচাঁদ মুখোপাধ্যায়</span> (1899–1979).</p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle"> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonoful#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonoful#Life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonoful#Literary_Works"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Literary Works</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonoful#Novels"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Novels</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonoful#Short_story_collection"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Short story collection</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonoful#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonoful#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonoful#Country.27s_Homage"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Country's Homage</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonoful#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonoful#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banaphool&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Life">Life</span></h2> <p>Balāi Chānd Mukhopādhyāy was born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manihari" title="Manihari">Manihari</a> village of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purnia_district" title="Purnia district">Purnia district</a> (now <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katihar" title="Katihar">Katihar</a> District), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> on 19 July 1899. He was the son of Satyacharan Mukhopadhyay, a practicing physician at the village and Mrinalini Devi. He was admitted to the Sahebgunge Railway school in the year 1914. Mukhopādhyāy started a hand-written magazine named "Bikash" where his writings of the first few days were published. When one of his poem was published in a well- known magazine named Malancha, he was warned by the then head-master of the school as he feared that Balāi Chānd's literary work may spoil his education. So, Balāi adopted his pen name Banaphool (<i>the wild flower</i> in Bengali) to hide his work from his tutor. He passed Matriculation examination in 1918 and completed his study at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazaribag" title="Hazaribag" class="mw-redirect">Hazaribag</a> College. Then he was admitted in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_College_and_Hospital,_Kolkata" title="Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata">Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata</a>. During this time, he was married to Lilavati, who was studying I. A. at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethune_College" title="Bethune College">Bethune College</a>, Calcutta. But before completing his medical education in Calcutta, he was transferred to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Patna Medical College and Hospital" class="mw-redirect">Patna Medical College and Hospital</a> due to an issued Government order. Here he was emoployed as a physician after completion of his medical education. Then he worked as a physician at Azimgaunge Hospital. He practiced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a>. In 1968, he sold his house at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a> and settled at Salt Lake, Calcutta. This great writer took his last breath on 9 February 1979.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banaphool&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literary Works">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Literary_Works">Literary Works</span></h2> <p>He is most noted for his short <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignette_%28literature%29" title="Vignette (literature)">vignettes</a>, often just half page long, but his body of work spanned sixty five years and included "thousands of poems, 586 short stories, 60 novels, 5 dramas, a number of one-act plays, an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a> named Paschatpat (Background), and numerous essays."<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonoful#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonoful#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banaphool&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Novels">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Novels">Novels</span></h3> <pre> Trinokhondo তৃণখণ্ড Boitorini Tire বৈতরণীর তীরে Niranjana নিরঞ্জনা Bhuban Som ভুবন সোম Maharani মহারাণী Agnishwar অগ্নীশ্বর Manaspur মানসপুর Erao achhe এরাও আছে Nabin Dutta নবীন দত্ত Harishchandra হরিশ্চন্দ্র Kichukshan কিছুক্ষণ Se O Ami সে ও আমি Saptarshi সপ্তর্ষি Udai Asta উদয় অস্ত Gandharaj গন্ধরাজ Pitambarer Punarjanma পীতাম্বরের পুনর্জন্ম Nayn Tatpurush নঞ তৎপুরুষ Krishnapaksha কৃষ্ণপক্ষ Sandhipuja সন্ধিপূজা Hate Bajare হাটেবাজারে Kanyasu কন্যাসু Adhiklal অধিকলাল Gopaldeber Swapna গোপালদেবের স্বপ্ন SwapnaSambhab স্বপ্নসম্ভব KastiPathar কষ্টিপাথর Prachchhanna Mahima প্রচ্ছন্ন মহিমা Dui Pathik দুই পথিক Ratri রাত্রি Pitamaha পিতামহ Pakshimithun পক্ষীমিথুন Tirther Kak তীর্থের কাক Rourab রৌরব Jaltaranga জলতরঙ্গ Rupkatha ebang Tarpar রূপকথা এবং তারপর Pratham Garal প্রথম গরল Rangaturanga রঙ্গতুরঙ্গ Ashabari আশাবারি Li ৯ Sat Samudra Tera Nadi সাত সমুদ্র তেরো নদী Akashbasi আকাশবাসী Tumi তুমি Asanglagna অসংলগ্ন Simarekha সীমারেখা Tribarna ত্রিবর্ণ Alankarpuri অলংকারপুরী Jangam জঙ্গম Agni অগ্নি Doiroth দ্বৈরথ Mrigoya মৃগয়া Nirmok নির্মোক Mandanda মানদন্ড Nabadiganta নবদিগন্ত Koshtipathar কষ্টিপাথর Sthabar স্থাবর Bhimpalashri ভীমপলশ্রী Pancha Parba পঞ্চপর্ব Lakshmir Agaman লক্ষ্মীর আগমণ Dana ডানা </pre> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banaphool&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Short story collection">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Short_story_collection">Short story collection</span></h3> <ul><li><i>Bonofuler Golpo</i></li><li><i>Bonofuler Aro Golpo</i></li><li><i>Bahullo</i></li><li><i>Bindu Bishorgo</i></li><li><i>Adrisholok</i></li><li><i>Anugamini</i></li><li><i>Tonni</i></li><li><i>Nobomonjori</i></li><li><i>Urmimala</i></li><li><i>Soptomi</i></li><li><i>Durbin</i></li><li><i>Bonofuler Sreshto Golpo</i></li><li><i>Bonofuler Golpo Songroho-1</i></li><li><i>Bonofuler Golpo Songroho-2</i></li><li><i>Banaphooler Chhoto Galpa Samagra--1&2</i></li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banaphool&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banaphool&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2> <ul><li><b>বনফুলের ছোট গল্প সমগ্র</b> (Complete Short Stories of Banaphool), published by Banishilpa, 14 A, Temar Lane, Kolkata 700009 in January 2003.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>উপন্যাস সমগ্র</b> (Complete Novels), published by New Bengal Press (Private) Limited, 68, College Street, Kolkata 700073 in July 1999.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>গল্প সংগ্রহ</b> (Collected Stories), the national text book of B.A. (pass and subsidiary) course of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, published by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a> in 1979 (reprint in 1986).</li></ul> <ul><li><b>বাংলা সাহিত্য</b> (Bengali Literature), the national text book of intermediate (college) level of Bangladesh published in 1996 by all educational boards.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>পশ্চাৎপট</b> (Background), the autobiography of Banaphool, published by Banishilpa, 14 A, Temar Lane, Kolkata 700009 in 1999.</li></ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-86456671305170195882011-11-10T18:41:00.000+05:302011-11-10T18:45:55.999+05:30Manik Bandopadhyay<table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><span class="fn">Manik Bandopadhyay<br />মানিক বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়</span></th> </tr> <tr class=""> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manik_Bandopadhay.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/04/Manik_Bandopadhay.jpg" height="277" width="200" /></a><br /><span style="">Manik Bandyopadhyay</span></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Born</th> <td class="" style="">May 19, 1908<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumka" title="Dumka">Dumka</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India" title="British India" class="mw-redirect">British India</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Died</th> <td class="" style="">December 3, 1956 (aged 48)<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Nationality</th> <td class="category" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Ethnicity</th> <td class="category" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Occupation</th> <td class="role" style="">Writer</td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Religion</th> <td class="category" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist" title="Atheist" class="mw-redirect">Atheist</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Parents</th> <td class="" style="">Harihar Bandyopadhyay (Father)<br />Neeroda Devi (Mother)</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Manik Bandopadhyay</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">মানিক বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়</span>); (listen: <span class="unicode"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manik.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="About this sound" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" height="11" width="11" /></a> <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Manik.ogg" class="internal" title="Manik.ogg"><i>Manik Bandopadhyay</i></a> <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor:help;">(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help"><span style="cursor:help;">help</span></a>·<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manik.ogg" title="File:Manik.ogg"><span style="cursor:help;">info</span></a>)</small></span>); (19 May 1908 - 3 December 1956) was an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangla" title="Bangla" class="mw-redirect">Bengali</a> novelist and is considered one of the leading lights of modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangla" title="Bangla" class="mw-redirect">Bangla</a> fiction. During a short lifespan of forty-eight years, plagued simultaneously by illness and financial crisis, he produced 36 novels and 177 short-stories. His important works include Padma Nadir Majhi (The Boatman on The River Padma, 1936) and Putul Nacher Itikatha (The Puppet's Tale, 1936), Shahartali (The Suburbia, 1941) and Chatushkone (The Quadrilateral, 1948)<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle"> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#Life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Life</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#Education"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#Living"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Living</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#Death"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#Literary_life"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Literary life</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#Theme_.26_Style"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Theme & Style</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#A_pioneer_of_Bengali_Novel"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">A pioneer of Bengali Novel</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#Putul_Nacher_Itikatha"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Putul Nacher Itikatha</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#Social_and_Political_Views"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Social and Political Views</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#Works"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#Novels"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Novels</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#Short_Stories"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Short Stories</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#Play"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Play</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#Essay"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Essay</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#Poetry"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Poetry</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Life">Life</span></h2> <p>Manik Bandopadhay was born on 19 May 1908 in a small town called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumka" title="Dumka">Dumka</a> in the district of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santal_Parganas" title="Santal Parganas" class="mw-redirect">Santal Parganas</a> in the state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. His real name was Prabodh Kumar Bandhopaddhay. His pen name was derived from his pet name 'Manik'. He was the fifth of the fourteen children (eight sons and six daughters) of his parents, Harihar Bandopadhyay and Niroda Devi. His father Harihar was a government official who travelled across undivided <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in connection with his job. This gave Manik to experience life and living of people in different parts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in his early life.</p> <p>Since his childhood Manik was carefree and adventurous. And indeed, he had a sensitive mind. He lost his mother on 28 May 1924 when he was only sixteen and this bereavement left a deep mark in his psyche. After his mother's death, Manik became reckless and his ties with family grew thin.</p> <p>Manik married Kamala Devi, the third daughter of Surendranath Chattopadhay and the couple had two sons and two daughters.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span></h3> <p>Manik passed Entrance examinaiton from the Midnapore Zilla School in 1926 securing first division with letter marks in both compulsory and optional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a>. In the same year he got admitted in Welleslyan Mission College at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a>. Earlier he had also studied in Kanthi Model School in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangail" title="Tangail">Tangail</a>.</p> <p>In Welleslyan College Manik came in contact with a professor called Jackson. Influenced by him, Manik read the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and overcame his religious inferiority. In 1928 he passed I.Sc. (Intermediate in Science) with first division.</p> <p>He got admitted to the B.Sc. course in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_College,_Calcutta" title="Presidency College, Calcutta" class="mw-redirect">Presidency College, Calcutta</a> with the inspiration of his father.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Living">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Living">Living</span></h3> <p>Writing was the only source of income for Manik Bandopadhyay throughout his life and hence he languished perpetual poverty. However, for a short while he tried to enhance his earning through involvement with one or two literary magazines. He worked as editor of <i>Nabarun</i> for a few months in 1934. During 1937-38, he worked as Assisatnt Editor of literary magazine <b>Bangasree</b>. Also he had established a printing and publishing house in 1939 which turned out to be a short-lived endeavour. Also, he worked as Publicity Assistant for the Government of India in 1943.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span></h3> <p>Manik died on December 3, 1956, at the age of 48. His <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral</a> took place at Nimtala Crematorium in North Calcutta.</p> <p>Since early life he had struggled with poverty and epilepsy. The signs of epilepsy first surfaced when he was engaged in writing <i>Padma Nadir Majhi</i> and <i>Putul Nacher Itikatha</i>. Continued and unabated ailment, problems and crises devastated his mental disposition. Eventually he resorted to alcohol for respite, adding to his misery. On 3 December 1956, he collapsed and went into a coma. He was admitted to the Nilratan Government Hospital on 2 December where he died the next day.</p> <p>A huge crowd attended the memorial meeting for Manik Bandopadhyay held on 7 December 1956.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Literary life">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Literary_life">Literary life</span></h2> <p>Once while he was with his friends in their college canteen, one of his friends asked him if he could publish a story in the magazine "Bichitra". The would-be novelist replied that his first story would be good enough for the purpose. At that time, "Bichitra" was a leading periodical which carried stories only by eminent authors. One day Manik walked into the office of the periodical and dropped the story "Atashimami (Aunt Atashi)" in their letter box. At the end of the story he signed off as <i>Manik Bandhopadhay</i>. After four months, publication of the story (in 1928) created sensation in the literary circles of Bengal and from then on, the nom de plume stuck.</p> <p>Later, Manik's contemporary Buddhadev Bose, himself a leading litterateur of Bengal, had this to say about the debut story of Manik: "He had both virtuosity and vision: he was both logical and magical; he seemed to be wanting in nothing, and we thought there was none like him, none."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>His stories and novels were published in various literary magaziens of the then <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. They included Bichitra, Bangasree, Purbasha, AnandaBazaar Patrika, Jugantor, Satyajug, Probashi, Desh, Chaturanga, NoroNari, Notun Jiban, Bosumati, Golp-Bharati, Mouchak, Pathshala, Rang-Mashal, NoboShakti, Swadhinata, Agami, Kalantar, Parichaya, Notun Sahitya, Diganta, Sanskriti, Mukhopotro, Provati, Ononnya, Ultorath, Elomelo, Bharatbarsha, Modhyabitta, Sharodi, Sonar Bangla, Agami, Ononya, Krishak, Purnima, Rupantar and Swaraj.</p> <p>During his lifetime, Manik published as many as fifty-seven volumes. He also wrote poetry, but not much is heard about his poems.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theme & Style">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Theme_.26_Style">Theme & Style</span></h3> <p>His writing stands in stark contrast to that of other contemporary luminaries like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay" class="mw-redirect">Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay</a> who portrayed life in rural Bengal in a gentle, lyrical light. Although he had some common grounds with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarashankar_Bandopadhyay" title="Tarashankar Bandopadhyay">Tarashankar Bandopadhyay</a>, he distinguished himself with profouond and rational analysis of the lives of ordinary people. Manik's writing dealt with the pettiness and wretchedness of existence in the context of rural Bengal. His primary concern was the dark alleyways of the human mind, even among the supposedly simple village folk, and not the serene beauty of nature that was always in the background in his novels. In <i>Putulnacher Itikatha</i> he took on rather savagely the hypocrisy in villages: an elderly couple are canonised as saints after committing morpheine-induced suicide; the daughter of one of the village elders gets married off to a wealthy businessman in Kolkata who treats her as a concubine ... she gets hooked to alcohol and returns home just a shadow of her former self. However, the people around her keep pretending that nothing untoward has happened. Numerous other examples abound.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: A pioneer of Bengali Novel">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="A_pioneer_of_Bengali_Novel">A pioneer of Bengali Novel</span></h3> <p>Shortly after making his debut in the world of fiction in 1935 through a short story titled <i>Atshi Mami</i>, Manik Bandopadhay embarked upon writing novels. Publication of <i>Diba-Ratrir Kabya</i> in 1935 and <b>Padma Nadir Majhi</b> and <b>Putul Nacher Itikotha</b> in 1936 established him as the most notable novelist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> since Bankimchandra, Rabindranath and Saratchandra. He distinguished himself with focus on the life of ordinary rural and urban people, with the colloquial language and with a neat narrative. He was a great story-teller who perfected his fiction with insight into human mind. In the earlier works he took a Freudian approach. In the later life, he showed influence of Marxist theory. His treatment of human sexuality in <i>Chatushkone</i> is path-breaking.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Putul Nacher Itikatha">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Putul_Nacher_Itikatha">Putul Nacher Itikatha</span></h3> <p>Putul Nacher Itikatha is one of the outstanding works of Manik Bandopadhyay. In one of his letters Manik informed that this novel was a humble protest against those who tend to play with the lives of humans as if they were puppets.</p> <p>It was serialized in the <i>Bharatbarsha</i> from Poush 1341 to Agrahayana 1342. D. M. Library of Calcutta published it as a book in 1936. A film was produced based on this great novel in 1949. The film was directed by Asit Bandopadhyay under the banner of K. K. Productions.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social and Political Views">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Social_and_Political_Views">Social and Political Views</span></h2> <p>Manik carefully read <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx" title="Marx" class="mw-redirect">Marx</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engels" title="Engels" class="mw-redirect">Engels</a> and became a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxist" title="Marxist" class="mw-redirect">Marxist</a>. He became an active politician of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> by joining the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party" title="Communist Party" class="mw-redirect">Communist Party</a> of India in 1944. But he regretted being part of the increasingly hollow and tyrannical organization the Communist Party, later in his life.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</span></h2> <div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Manik_Bandyopadhyay" title="List of works by Manik Bandyopadhyay">List of works by Manik Bandyopadhyay</a></div> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Novels">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Novels">Novels</span></h3> <p>He wrote 34 novels and around 180 short-stories in his short,stormy yet intensely prolific literary career of 27 years.</p> <ul><li>Janani (Tr. Mother-1935)</li><li>Diba-Ratrir Kabya(Tr. Poetry of Days and nights-1935)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Nadir_Majhi" title="Padma Nadir Majhi">Padma Nadir Majhi</a>(Tr. The Boatman of River Padma1936)</li><li>Putul Nacher Itikatha (The Puppet's Tale - 1936)</li><li>Jiboner Jotilota (Complicacies of Life - 1936)</li><li>Ahimsa(Non-violence - 1941)</li><li>Dhorabandha Jiban (Quotidian Life - 1941)</li><li>Chatushkone(The Quadrilateral - 1942)</li><li>Protibimbo (The Reflection - 1943)</li><li>Drapan (The Mirror - 1945)</li><li>Shorobasher Itikotha (A Tale of City Life - 1946)</li><li>Chinha (The Sign - 1947)</li><li>Jiyonto (Alive - 1950)</li><li>Pesha (The Profession - 1951)</li><li>Swadhinotar Swad (Taste of Freedom - 1951)</li><li>Pashapashi (Side by side - 1952)</li><li>Sarbojonin (Universal - 1952)</li><li>Nagpash (The Serpent's Grasp - 1953)</li><li>Feriwala (The Street Vendor - 1953)</li><li>Arogya (Recovery - 1953)</li><li>Chalcholon (Lifestyle - 1953)</li><li>Haraf (The Alphabet - 1954)</li><li>Holud Nodi Sobuj Bon (Yellow River Green Woods - 1956)</li><li>Mashul (The Penalty - 1956)</li></ul> <ul><li>Majhir Chele(a novel for the adolescent readers)</li></ul> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Short Stories">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Short_Stories">Short Stories</span></h3> <ul><li>Atashi Mami (1935)</li><li>Pragoitihashik (Tr. Pre-historic - 1937)</li><li>Mihi O Mota Kahini (1938)</li><li>Sarisrip (Tr. Amphibian - 1939)</li><li>Bou (Tr. The Bride - 1940)</li><li>Shamudrer Swad (Tr. The Taste of the Seas - 1943)</li><li>Bhejal (Tr. Adulterated - 1944)</li><li>Holudpora (1945)</li><li>Poristhiti (Tr. The Situation - 1946)</li><li>Khotian (Tr. The Report - 1947)</li><li>Matir Mashul (Tr. Earthen Penalty - 1948)</li><li>Choto Boro (Tr. The Big and the Small - 1948)</li><li>Lajuklota (Tr. A shy creeper - 1953)</li></ul> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Play">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Play">Play</span></h3> <ul><li>Bhite-Mati (Tr. The Homestead - 1946)</li></ul> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Essay">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Essay">Essay</span></h3> <ul><li>Lekhoker Katha (Tr. The Writer's Statement - 1957)</li></ul> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Poetry">Poetry</span></h3> <ul><li>Manik Bandopadhyay-er Kobita (Tr. The poems of Manik Bandopadhyay - 1970)</li></ul> <p>1.Diner kobita 2.Raater kobita 3.Dibaraatrir kabyo 4.Uttor dokkhin 5.gaachtolae 6.Buro santrasbadi 7.Cha 7.Prothom kobitar kahini 8.Raja o proja 8.Sundor 9.Shrabon maas 10.kishori 11.Adim kobita 12.Mod je khae se matal 13.Nastiker kotha 14.Rupkotha 15.Hae go hae</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> Nirmal Kanti Bhattacharjee: "Manik Bandopadhyay: A Centenary Tribute" in the Indian Literature, November/December, 2008</li><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> Ibid.</li><li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/manik-bandopadhyay-biography.html">"Article On Manik Bandopadhyay"</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Article+On+Manik+Bandopadhyay&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iloveindia.com%2Findian-heroes%2Fmanik-bandopadhyay-biography.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Manik_Bandopadhyay"></span></li></ol> </div> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manik_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2> <ul><li>Jugantor Chakrabarty (editor), <i>Oprokashito Manik Bandopadhyay</i>, 1976.</li><li>Saroj Dutta, <i>Ouponnasik Manik Bandopadhyay</i>, 1993</li><li>Nitai Basu, <i>Manik Bandopadhyay'er Somaj Jijnasa</i>, 1978.</li><li>Nirmal Kanti Bhattacharjee, <i>Manik Bandopadhyay: A Centenary Tribute</i> in the <i>Indian Literature</i>, Nov/Dec, 2008</li></ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-38868341372955234452011-11-10T18:38:00.000+05:302011-11-10T18:40:29.203+05:30Jibanananda Das<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width: 52px;"><br /></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:261px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jibanananda_Das.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/de/Jibanananda_Das.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="387" width="259" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption">This is the most widely known portrait of Jibanananda Das. The date is unknown.</div> </div> </div> <p><b>Jibanananda Das</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">জীবনানন্দ দাশ</span> <i>Jibonanondo Dash</i>) (17 February 1899 – 22 October 1954) was a noted Bengali poet. He is considered one of the precursors who introduced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_poetry" title="Modernist poetry">modernist poetry</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Literature" title="Bengali Literature" class="mw-redirect">Bengali Literature</a>, at a period when it was influenced by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle"> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Jibanananda_and_Bengali_poetry.5B2.5D"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Jibanananda and Bengali poetry<sup>[2]</sup></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Poetics.5B3.5D"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Poetics<sup>[3]</sup></span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Biographical_account"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Biographical account</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Life_in_Calcutta:_first_phase"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Life in Calcutta: first phase</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Travels_and_travails"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Travels and travails</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Back_in_Barisal"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Back in Barisal</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Life_in_Calcutta:_final_phase"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Life in Calcutta: final phase</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Love_and_marriage"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Love and marriage</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Death"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Prose_style"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Prose style</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Major_works"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Major works</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Poetry"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Poetry</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Novels"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Novels</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Short_stories"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Short stories</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Non-fiction"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Non-fiction</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Major_Collected_Texts"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Major Collected Texts</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Jibanananda_in_English_Translation"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Jibanananda in English Translation</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Tribute"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tribute</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Quotation"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Quotation</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Books_on_Jibanananda"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Books on Jibanananda</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a> <ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Biography"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Biography</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#Literary_Analysis"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Literary Analysis</span></a></li></ul> </li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Jibanananda and Bengali poetry[2]">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Jibanananda_and_Bengali_poetry.5B2.5D">Jibanananda and Bengali poetry<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></span></h2> <p>During the later half of the twentieth century, Jibanananda Das emerged as the most popular poet of modern Bengali literature. Popularity apart, Jibanananda Das had distinguished himself as an extraordinary poet presenting a paradigm hitherto unknown. It is a fact that his unfamiliar poetic diction, choice of words and thematic preferences took time to reach the heart of the readers. Towards the later half of the twentieth century the poetry of Jibanananda has become the defining essence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> in twentieth century <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Bengali poetry</a>.</p> <p>As of 2009, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> is the mother tongue of more than 300 million people living mainly in Bangladesh and India. Bengali poetry of the modern age flourished on the elaborate foundation laid by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a> (1824–1873) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> (1861–1941). Tagore, a literary giant, without a parallel during his time, ruled over the domain of Bengali poetry and literature for more than half a century bestowing inescapable influence on contemporary poets. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> caught attention of the international literary world when Tagore was awarded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> for literature in 1913, for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanjali" title="Gitanjali">Gitanjali</a></i>, an anthology of poems rendered into English by the poet himself with the title <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Offering" title="Song Offering">Song Offering</a></i>. Since then Bengali poetry has traveled a long way. It has evolved around its own tradition; it has responded to the poetry movements around the world; it has assumed various dimensions in different tones, colours and essence.</p> <p>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, efforts to come out of the Tagorian worldview and stylistics started in the early days of twentieth century. Poet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a> [1899-1976] popularized himself on a wide scale with patriotic theme and musical tone and tenor. However, a number of new generation poets consciously attempted to align Bengali poetry with the essence of modernism emerging around the world, starting towards the end of the nineteenth century. Much of these can be attributed to the trends in contemporary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a>. Five poets who are particularly acclaimed for their contribution in creating a post-Tagorian poetic paradigm and infusing modernism in Bengali poetry are Sudhindranath Dutta [1901-1960], <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhadeb_Bose" title="Buddhadeb Bose" class="mw-redirect">Buddhadeb Bose</a> [1908-1974], <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiya_Chakravarty" title="Amiya Chakravarty">Amiya Chakravarty</a> [1901-1986], Jibanananda Das [1899-1954] and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishnu_Dey" title="Bishnu Dey">Bishnu Dey</a> [1909-1982]. The contour of modernism in twentieth century Bengali poetry was drawn by these five pioneers and some of their contemporaries.</p> <p>However, not all of them have survived the test of time. Of them, poet Jibanananda Das was little understood during his lifetime. In fact, he received scanty attention and was considered incomprehensible. Readers including his contemporary literary critics also alleged about his style and diction. On occasions, he faced merciless criticism from leading literary personalities of his time. Even <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> passed unkind remarks on his diction although he praised his poetic capability. Nevertheless, destiny reserved a crown for him.</p> <p>Surely, his early poems bear the influence of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a> and some other poets like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a>. However, before long, he thoroughly overcame all influences and created a new poetic diction. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhadeb_Bose" title="Buddhadeb Bose" class="mw-redirect">Buddhadeb Bose</a> was among the few who first recognized his extraordinary style and thematic novelty. However, as his style and diction matured, his message appeared to be obscured. Readers including critics started to complain about legibility and question sensibility.</p> <p>It is only after his unfortunate and accidental death in 1954 that a readership started to emerge who not only was comfortable with Jibanananda's style and diction but also enjoyed his poetry. Questions about the obscurity of his poetic message were no longer more raised. By the time his birth centenary was celebrated in 1999, Jibanananda Das was certainly the most popular and the most well-read poet of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a>. Even when the last quarter of the twentieth century ushered in the post-modern era, Jibanananda Das continued to be relevant to the new taste and fervour. This has been possible because his poetry underwent many cycles of change, and later poems contain elements that precisely respond to post-modern characteristics.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Poetics[3]">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Poetics.5B3.5D">Poetics<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></span></h2> <p>Born in 1899, Jibanananda Das started writing and publishing in the 1920s. During his lifetime he published only 269 poems in different journals and magazines of which 162 were collected in 7 anthologies, from <i>Jhara Palak</i> to <i>Bela Obela Kalbela</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> However, since his expiry in 1954, many of his unpublished poems have been discovered and published, thanks to the dedicated initiative of his brother Asokananda Das, encouragement by his sister Sucharita Das and nephew Amitananda Das, and, above all, tireless efforts of Dr. Bhumendra Guha, who spent decades in copying from worn out published and unpublished manuscripts. By 2008, the total number of published and unpublished poems stood at more than 788. In addition, a huge number of novels and short-stories were discovered and published about the same time.</p> <p>Jibanananda scholar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_B._Seely" title="Clinton B. Seely">Clinton B. Seely</a> has termed Jibanananda Das (JD) "Bengal's most cherished poet since <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, to many, reading the poetry of JD is like stumbling upon a labyrinth of mind similar to the kind one imagines Camus's 'absurd' man toils through. Indeed JD's poetry is sometimes an outcome of very profound feeling that is painted with imagery of a type not readily understandable. Sometimes, the connection between the sequential lines is not obvious. In fact, JD broke the traditional circular structure of poetry (intro-middle-end) and the pattern of logical sequence of words, lines and stanzas. Consequently, the thematic connotation is often hidden under a rhythmic narrative that requires careful reading between the lines. The following excerpt will bear the point out :<br /></p> <blockquote> <p>Lepers open the hydrant and lap some water.<br />Or may be that hydrant was already broken.<br />Now at midnight they descend upon the city in droves.<br />Scattering sloshing petrol. Though ever careful,<br />Someone seems to have taken a serious spill in the water.<br />Three rickshaws trot off, fading into the last gaslight,<br />I turn off, leave Phear Lane, defiantly<br />Walk for miles, stop beside a wall<br />On Bentinck Street, at Territti Bazar,<br />There in the air dry as roasted peanuts.<br />(<i>Night</i> - a poem on night in Calcutta city, translated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_B._Seely" title="Clinton B. Seely">Clinton B. Seely</a>)<br /></p> </blockquote> <p>Variously branded at different times, and popularly known as a modernist of the Yeatsian-Poundian-Eliotesque school, JD has been termed the <i>truest poet</i> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annadashankar_Roy" title="Annadashankar Roy">Annadashankar Roy</a>. As a true poet, JD conceived a poem and moulded it up in the most natural way. When a theme occurred to him, he shaped it up with such words, metaphors and imagery that distinguished him from all others. JD's poetry is to be felt rather than merely read or heard. Writing about JD's poetry <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Winter" title="Joe Winter">Joe Winter</a> remarked :</p> <blockquote> <p>It is a natural process, though perhaps the rarest one. Jibanananda's style reminds us of this, seeming to come unbidden. It is full of sentences that scarcely pause for breath ; of word-combinations that seem altogether unlikely but work ; of switches in register, from sophisticated usage to a village-dialect word, that jar and in the same instant settle in the mind. Full of friction, in short, that almost becomes a part of the consciousness ticking.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> </blockquote> <p><br />A few lines are quoted below in support of Winter's remarks:<br /></p> <blockquote> <p>Nevertheless, the owl stays wide awake ;<br />The rotten still frog begs two more moments<br />in the hope of another dawn in conceivable warmth.<br />We feel in the deep tracelessness of flocking darkness<br />the unforgiving enmity of the mosquito-net all around ;<br />The mosquito loves the stream of life<br />awake in its monastery of darkness.<br />[<i>One day eight years ago</i>, translated by Faizul Latif Chowdhury]<br /></p> </blockquote> <p>Or elsewhere :</p> <blockquote> <p>... how the wheel of justice is set in motion<br />by a smidgen of wind -<br />or if someone dies and someone else gives him a bottle<br />of medicine, free - then who has the profit? -<br />over all of this the four have a mighty word-battle.<br />For the land they will go to now is called the soaring river<br />where a wretched bone-picker and his bone<br />come and discover<br />their faces in water - till looking at faces is over.<br />(<i>Idle Moment</i> translated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Winter" title="Joe Winter">Joe Winter</a>)<br /></p> </blockquote> <p>Also noteworthy are his sonnets, the most famous of them being the seven untitled pieces collected in the publication titled "Shaat-ti Tarar Timir" (The Blackness of Seven Stars), where he describes, on one hand, his attachment to his motherland, and on the other, his views about life and death in general . They are noteworthy not only because of the picturesque description of nature that was a regular in most of his work, but also for the use of metaphors and allegories . For example, a lone owl flying about in the night sky is taken as an omen of death, while the anklets on the feet of a swan symbolizes the vivacity of life . The following are undoubtedly the most oft-quoted line from this collection :</p> <p><big>বাংলার মুখ আমি দেখিয়াছি, তাই আমি পৃথিবীর রূপ খুঁজিতে যাই না আর...</big></p> <p>It should be pointed out that Jibanananda successfully integrated Bengali poetry with the slightly older Euro-centric international modernist movement of early twentieth century. In this regard he possibly owes as much to his exotic exposure as to his innate poetic talent. Although hardly appreciated during his lifetime, his modernism, evoking almost all the suggested elements of the phenomenon, remains untranscended till date, despite the emergence of many notable poets during the last fifty years. His success as a modern Bengali poet may be attributed to the facts that JD in his poetry not only discovered the tract of the slowly evolving twentieth century modern mind, sensitive and reactive, full of anxiety and tension, he invented his own diction, rhythm and vocabulary with unmistakably indigenous rooting, and he maintained a self-styled lyricism and imagism mixed with an extraordinary existentialist sensuousness, perfectly suited to the modern temperament in the Indian context, whereby he also averted fatal dehumanization that could alienate him from the people. He was at once a <i>classicist</i> and a <i>romantic</i> and created an appealing world hitherto unknown :<br /></p> <blockquote> <p>For thousands of years I roamed the paths of this earth,<br />From waters round Ceylon in dead of night<br />to Malayan seas.<br />Much have I wandered. I was there<br />in the gray world of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asoka" title="Asoka" class="mw-redirect">Asoka</a><br />And Bimbisara, pressed on through darkness<br />to the city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a>.<br />I am a weary heart surrounded by life's frothy ocean.<br />To me she gave a moment's peace -<br />Banalata Sen from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natore" title="Natore" class="mw-redirect">Natore</a>.<br />(<i>Banalata Sen</i>)</p> </blockquote> <p><br />While reading JD, one often encounters references to olden time and places, events and personalities. Sense of time and history is an unmistakable element that has shaped JD's poetic world to a great extent. However, he lost sight of nothing surrounding him. Unlike many of his peers who blindly imitated the renowned western poets in a bid to create a new poetic domain and generated spurious poetry, JD remained anchored in his own soil and time and successfully assimilated all experiences, real and virtual, and produced hundreds of unforgettable lines. His intellectual vision was thoroughly embedded in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>'s nature and beauty :<br /></p> <blockquote> <p>Amidst a vast meadow the last time when I met her<br />I said: 'Come again a time like this<br />if one day you so wish<br />twenty five years later.'<br />This been said, I came back home.<br />After that, many a time, the moon and the stars,<br />from field to field have died, the owls and the rats<br />searching grains in paddy fields on a moonlit night<br />fluttered and crept! - shut eyed<br />many times left and right<br />have slept<br />several souls! - awake kept I<br />all alone - the stars on the sky<br />travel fast<br />faster still, time speeds by.<br />Yet it seems<br />Twenty-five years will forever last.<br />(<i>After Twenty-five Years</i> translated by Luna Rushdi)</p> </blockquote> <p>Thematically, in sum, JD is amazed by the continued existence of humankind in the backdrop of eternal flux of time, wherein individual presence is insignificant and meteoric albeit inescapable. He feels : we are closed in, fouled by the numbness of this concentration cell (Meditations). To him the world is weird and olden, and as a race, the mankind has been a persistent "wanderer of this world" (<i>Banalata Sen</i>) who, according to him, has existed too long to know anything more (<i>Before death</i>, <i>Walking alone</i>), or experience anything fresh. The justification of further mechanical existence like Mahin's horses (<i>The Horses</i>) is apparently absent. So (he) had slept by the Dhanshiri river on a cold December night, and had never thought of waking again (Darkness). As an individual, tired of life and yearning for sleep (<i>One day eight years ago</i>), JD is certain that peace can be found nowhere and it is useless to move to a distant land since there is no way of freedom from sorrows fixed by life (<i>Land, Time and Offspring</i>). Nevertheless, he suggests: "O sailor, you press on, keep pace with the sun!" (<i>Sailor</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><br />Why did Jibanananda task himself to forge a new poetic speech while others in his time preferred to tread the usual path? The answer is simple. In his endeavours to shape a world of his own, he was gradual and steady. He was an inward looking person and was not in a hurry.<br /></p> <blockquote> <p>I do not want to go anywhere so fast.<br />Whatever my life wants I have time to reach<br />there walking<br />[Of 1934 - a poem on Motor Car, translated by Golam Mustafa].<br /></p> </blockquote> <p>Bibhav, in Poet's birth centenary, published his 40 poems, that were yet unpublished. Shamik Bose has translated one poem, untiltled as it was by the Poet. Here is the Bengali original by the Poet.</p> <blockquote> <p>ঘুমায়ে পড়িতে হবে একদিন আকাশের নক্ষত্রের তলে<br />শ্রান্ত হয়ে-- উত্তর মেরুর সাদা তুষারের সিন্ধুর মতন!<br />এই রাত্রি,--- এই দিন,--- এই আলো,--- জীবনের এই আয়োজন,---<br />আকাশের নিচে এসে ভুলে যাব ইহাদের আমরা সকলে!<br />একদিন শরীরের স্বাদ আমি জানিয়াছি, সাগরের জলে<br />দেহ ধুয়ে;--- ভালোবেসে ভিজইয়েছি আমাদের হৃদয় কেমন!<br />একদিন জেগে থেকে দেখিয়েছি আমাদের জীবনের এই আলোড়ন,<br />আঁধারের কানে আলো--- রাত্রি দিনের কানে কানে কত কথা বলে<br />শুনিয়াছি;--- এই দেখা--- জেগে থাকা একদিন তবু সাংগ হবে,---<br />মাঠের শস্যের মত আমাদের ফলিবার রহিয়াছে সময়;<br />একবার ফলে গেলে তারপর ভাল লাগে মরণের হাত,---<br />ঘুমন্তের মত করে আমাদের কখন সে বুকে তুলে লবে!---<br />সেই মৃত্যু কাছে এসে একে একে সকলেরে বুকে তুলে লয়;---<br />সময় ফুরায়ে গেলে সব চেয়ে ভাল লাগে তাহার আস্বাদ!---<br /></p> </blockquote> <p>Here is a translation in English by Shamik Bose.</p> <blockquote> <p>Under this sky, these stars' beneath --<br />One day will have to sleep inside tiredness ---<br />Like snow-filled white ocean of North Pole! ---<br />This night - this day - O this light as bright as it may! --<br />These designs for a life - will forget all --<br />Under such a silent fathomless sky! --<br />Had felt the fragrance of a body one day, --<br />By washing my body inside sea water --<br />Felt our heart so deep by falling in love! --<br />This vigor of life- had seen one day awaken --<br />Light stoking the edge of darkness --<br />Have heard the passionate whispers of a night - always for a day! --<br />This visit! This conscious vigil that I see, I feel --<br />Yet will end one day --<br />Time only remain for us to ripe like a harvest in green soil --<br />Once so ripen, then the hands of death will be likeable--<br />Will hold us in his chest, one by one --<br />Like a sleeplorn --<br />Fugitive lovelorn --<br />Inside tender whispers! --<br />When that time will prosper to an end and he will come --<br />That savor will be .. the most relishing.<br /></p> </blockquote> <p><br />Notwithstanding indigenous anchorage and very own world-view, stylistics and diction, Jibanananda Das will appeal to poetry lovers and modern men of intellect and emotion all around the world of today and of tomorrow.<br />A huge volume of literary evaluation of the poetry of Jibanananda Das has been produced since his untimely death in 1954. However, English language readers will immensely benefit from the 10-page Introduction of "Naked Lonely Hand", an anthology of poet's fifty poems into English, written by Joe Winter.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> Winter has been able to successfully catch the essence of the poet who appeared to be subtle, mysterious and bizarre even to native readers and critics of his time. He is also known as a <i>surrealist poet</i> for his spontaneous overflow of subconscious mind in his poetry and especially in diction. Subconscious mind takes hold on the poet when he is creative frenzy.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biographical account">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Biographical_account">Biographical account</span></h2> <p>Source: Seely, Clinton (1990) <i>A Poet Apart: a literary biography of the Bengali Poet Jibanananda Das</i>. Newark, Del: University of Delaware Press</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h3> <p>Jibanananda Das (JD) was born in 1899 in the small district town of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisal" title="Barisal">Barisal</a>, located in the south of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. His ancestors came from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikrampur" title="Bikrampur">Bikrampur</a> region of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> district, from a now-extinct village called Gaupara on the banks of the river <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma" title="Padma" class="mw-redirect">Padma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Das.2C_P._2003_1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_note-Das.2C_P._2003_1-8"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Jibanananda's grandfather Sarbananda Dasgupta was the first to settle permanently in Barisal. He was an early exponent of the reformist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> movement in Barisal, and was highly regarded in town for his philanthropy. He erased the <i>-gupta</i> suffix from the family name as a symbol of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> excess, thus rendering the surname to <i>Das</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Das.2C_P._2003_2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_note-Das.2C_P._2003_2-9"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> Jibanananda's father Satyananda Das (1863–1942) was a schoolmaster, essayist, magazine publisher, and founder-editor of <i>Brôhmobadi</i>, a journal of the Brahmo Samaj dedicated to the exploration of various social issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Das.2C_P._2003_6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_note-Das.2C_P._2003_6-10"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Jibanananda's mother Kusumkumari Das was a poet and the writer of a famous poem called 'Adôrsho Chhele' (The Ideal Boy) whose refrain is well known to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis" class="mw-redirect">Bengalis</a> to this day: <i>Amader deshey hobey shei chhele kobey / Kothae na boro hoye kajey boro hobey.</i> (<i>The child who achieves not in words but in deeds, when will this land know such a one?</i>)</p> <p>Jibanananda was the eldest son of his parents, and was called by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nickname</a> Milu. A younger brother Ashokananda Das was born in 1908 and a sister called Shuchorita in 1915. Milu fell violently ill in his childhood, and his parents feared for his life. Kusumkumari took her ailing child and travelled to health resorts all over India, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giridih" title="Giridih">Giridih</a>. They were accompanied on these journeys by their uncle Chandranath.</p> <p>In January 1908, Milu, by now eight years old, was admitted to the fifth grade in Brojomohon School. The delay was due to his father's opposition to admitting children into school at too early an age. Milu's childhood education was therefore sustained mostly at home, under his mother's tutelage.</p> <p>His school life passed by relatively uneventfully. In 1915, he successfully completed his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">Matriculation</a> examination from Brojomohon, obtaining a first division in the process. He repeated the feat two years later when he passed the Intermediate exams from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brajamohan_College" title="Brajamohan College" class="mw-redirect">Brajamohan College</a>. Evidently an accomplished student, he left his rural Barisal to join the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Life in Calcutta: first phase">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Life_in_Calcutta:_first_phase">Life in Calcutta: first phase</span></h3> <p>Jibanananda enrolled in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_College,_Kolkata" title="Presidency College, Kolkata" class="mw-redirect">Presidency College, Kolkata</a>, then as now one of the most prestigious seats of learning in India. He studied English Literature and graduated with a BA (Honours) degree in 1919. That same year, his first poem appeared in print in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boishakh" title="Boishakh">Boishakh</a> issue of <i>Brahmobadi</i> journal. Fittingly, the poem was called <i>Borsho-abahon</i> (<i>Arrival of the New Year</i>). This poem was published anonymously, with only the honorific <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri" title="Sri">Sri</a> in the byline. However, the annual index in the year-end issue of the magazine revealed his full name: "Sri Jibanananda Das Gupta, BA".</p> <p>In 1921, he completed the MA degree in English from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>, obtaining a second class. He was also studying law. At this time, he lived in the Hardinge student quarters next to the university. Just before his exams, he fell ill with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillary_dysentery" title="Bacillary dysentery">bacillary dysentery</a> that affected his preparation for the examinaiton.</p> <p>The following year, he started his teaching career. He joined the English department of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College,_Calcutta" title="City College, Calcutta" class="mw-redirect">City College, Calcutta</a> as a tutor. By this time, he had left Hardinge and moved to boardings in Harrison Road. He gave up his law studies. It is thought that he also lived in a house in Bechu Chatterjee Street for some time with his brother Ashokanananda who had come up from Barisal for his MSc studies.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Travels and travails">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Travels_and_travails">Travels and travails</span></h3> <p>His literary career was starting to take off. When <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Deshbondhu Chittaranjan Das</a> died in June 1925, Jibanananda wrote a poem called 'Deshbandhu'r Prayan'e' (On the Death of the Friend of the Nation') which was published in <i>Bangabani</i> magazine. This poem would later take its place in the collection called <i>Jhara Palok</i> (1927). On reading it, poet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidas_Roy" title="Kalidas Roy">Kalidas Roy</a> said that he had thought the poem was the work of a mature, accomplished poet hiding behind a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a>. Jibanananda's earliest printed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> work was also published in 1925. This was an obituary entitled 'Kalimohan Das'er Sraddha-bashorey', which appeared in serialized form in <i>Brahmobadi</i> magazine. His poetry began to be widely published in various literary journals and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_magazine" title="Little magazine" class="mw-redirect">little magazines</a> in Calcutta, Dhaka and elsewhere. These included <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallol" title="Kallol">Kallol</a></i>, perhaps the most famous literary magazine of the era, <i>Kalikalam</i> (Pen and Ink), <i>Progoti</i> (Progress) (co-edited by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhadeb_Bose" title="Buddhadeb Bose" class="mw-redirect">Buddhadeb Bose</a>) and others. At this time, he occasionally used the surname Dasgupta as opposed to Das.</p> <p>In 1927, <i>Jhara Palok</i> (Fallen Feathers), his first collection of poems, came out. A few months later, Jibanananda was fired from his job at the City College. The college had been struck by student unrest surrounding a religious festival, and enrolment seriously suffered as a consequence. Still in his late 20s, Jibanananda was the youngest member of the faculty and therefore the most dispensable. In the literary circle of Calcutta, he also came under serial attack. One of the most serious literary critic of that time Sajanikanta Das began to write aggressive critiques of his poetry in the review pages of <i>Shanibarer Chithi</i> (The Saturday Letter) magazine.</p> <p>With nothing to keep him in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta" class="mw-redirect">Calcutta</a>, Jibanananda left for the small town of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagerhat" title="Bagerhat" class="mw-redirect">Bagerhat</a> in the far south, there to resume his teaching career at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prafulla_Chandra_College" title="Prafulla Chandra College">Prafulla Chandra College</a>. But only after about three months he returned to the big city. He was now in dire financial straits. In order to make both the ends meet, he gave private tuition to students while applying for full-time positions in academia. In December 1929, he moved to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> to take up a teaching post at the Ramjosh College. But again this lasted no more than a few months. Back in Barisal, his family had been making arrangements for his marriage. Once Jibanananda got to Barisal, he failed to go back to Delhi and consequently lost the job.</p> <p>In May 1930, he married Labanya, a girl whose ancestors came from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khulna" title="Khulna">Khulna</a>. At the subsequent reception in Dhaka's Ram Mohan Library, leading literary lights of the day such as Ajit Kumar Dutta and Buddhadeb Bose were assembled. A daughter called Manjusree was born to the couple in February of the following year.</p> <p>Around this time, he wrote one of his most controversial poems. 'Camp'e' (At the Camp) was printed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhindranath_Dutta" title="Sudhindranath Dutta">Sudhindranath Dutta</a>'s <i>Parichay</i> magazine and immediately caused a firestorm in the literary circle of Calcutta. The poem's ostensible subject is a deer hunt on a moonlit night. Many accused Jibanananda of promoting indecency and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> through this poem.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2008">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> More and more, he turned now, in secrecy, to fiction. He wrote a number of short novels and short stories during this period of unemployment, strife and utter frustration.</p> <p>In 1934, he wrote the series of poems that would form the basis of the collection called <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupasi_Bangla" title="Rupasi Bangla">Rupasi Bangla</a></i>. These poems were not discovered during his lifetime and <i>Rupasi Bangla</i> was only published in 1957, three years after his death.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Back in Barisal">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Back_in_Barisal">Back in Barisal</span></h3> <p>In 1935, Jibanananda, by now familiar with professional disappointment and poverty, returned to his <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a></i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brajamohan_College" title="Brajamohan College" class="mw-redirect">Brajamohan College</a>, which was then affiliated with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>. He joined as a lecturer in the English department. In Calcutta, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhadeb_Bose" title="Buddhadeb Bose" class="mw-redirect">Buddhadeb Bose</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premendra_Mitra" title="Premendra Mitra">Premendra Mitra</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar_Sen" title="Samar Sen">Samar Sen</a> were starting a brand new poetry magazine called <i>Kobita</i>. Jibanananda's work featured in the very first issue of the magazine, a poem called <i>Mrittu'r</i> Aagey (<i>Before Death</i>). Upon reading the magazine, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a> wrote a lengthy letter to Bose and especially commended the Das poem: <i>Jibanananda Das' vivid, colourful poem has given me great pleasure.</i> It was in the second issue of <i>Kobita</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poush" title="Poush">Poush</a> 1342 issue, Dec 1934/Jan 1935) that Jibanananda published his now-legendary <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banalata_Sen" title="Banalata Sen">Banalata Sen</a></i>. Today, this 18-line poem is among the most famous poems in the language.</p> <p>The following year, his second volume of poetry <i>Dhusar Pandulipi</i> was published. Jibanananda was by now well settled in Barisal. A son Samarananda was born in November 1936. His impact in the world of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> continued to increase. In 1938, Tagore compiled a poetry <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a> entitled <i>Bangla Kabya Parichay</i> (<i>Introduction to Bengali Poetry</i>) and included an abridged version of <i>Mrityu'r Aagey</i>, the same poem that had moved him three years ago. Another important anthology came out in 1939, edited by Abu Sayeed Ayub and Hirendranath Mukhopadhyay; Jibanananda was represented with four poems: <i>Pakhira</i>, <i>Shakun</i>, <i>Banalata Sen</i>, and <i>Nagna Nirjan Haat</i>.</p> <p>In 1942, the same year that his father died, his third volume of poetry <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banalata_Sen" title="Banalata Sen">Banalata Sen</a></i> was published under the aegis of Kobita Bhavan and Buddhadeb Bose. A ground-breaking modernist poet in his own right, Bose was a steadfast champion of Jibanananda's poetry, providing him with numerous platforms for publication. 1944 saw the publication of <i>Maha Prithibi</i>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" title="Second World War" class="mw-redirect">Second World War</a> had a profound impact on Jibanananda's poetic vision. The following year, Jibanananda provided his own translations of several of his poems for an English anthology to be published under the title <i>Modern Bengali Poems</i>. Oddly enough, the editor Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya considered these translations to be sub-standard, and instead commissioned Martin Kirkman to translate four of Jibanananda's poems for the book.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Life in Calcutta: final phase">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Life_in_Calcutta:_final_phase">Life in Calcutta: final phase</span></h3> <p>The aftermath of the war saw heightened demands for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence" title="Indian independence" class="mw-redirect">Indian independence</a>. Muslim politicians led by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah" title="Jinnah" class="mw-redirect">Jinnah</a> wanted an independent homeland for the Muslims of the subcontinent. Bengal was uniquely vulnerable to partition: its western half was majority-Hindu, its eastern half majority-Muslim. Yet adherents of both religions spoke the same language, came from the same ethnic stock, and lived in close proximity to each other in town and village. Jibanananda had emphasized the need for communal harmony at an early stage. In his very first book <i>Jhora Palok</i>, he had included a poem called <i>Hindu Musalman</i>. In it he proclaimed:</p> <p>However, events in real life belied his beliefs. In the summer of 1946, he travelled to Calcutta from Barisal on three months' paid leave. He stayed at his brother Ashokananda's place through the bloody riots that swept the city. Just before partition in August 1947, Jibanananda quit his job at Brajamohan College and said goodbye to his beloved Barisal. He and his family were among the X million refugees who took part in the largest cross-border exchange of peoples in history. For a while he worked for a magazine called <i>Swaraj</i> as its Sunday editor. But he left the job after a few months.</p> <p>In 1948, he completed two of his novels, <i>Mallyaban</i> and <i>Shutirtho</i>, neither of which were discovered during his life. Shaat'ti Tarar Timir was published in December 1948. The same month, his mother Kusumkumari Das died in Calcutta.</p> <p>By now, he was well established in the Calcutta literary world. He was appointed to the editorial board of yet another new literary magazine <i>Dondo</i> (<i>Conflict</i>). However, in a reprise of his early career, he was sacked from his job at Kharagpur College in February 1951. In 1952, Signet Press published <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banalata_Sen" title="Banalata Sen">Banalata Sen</a></i>. The book received widespread acclaim and won the Book of the Year award from the All-Bengal Tagore Literary Conference. Later that year, the poet found another job at Borisha College (today known as Borisha Bibekanondo College). This job too he lost within a few months. He applied afresh to Diamond Harbour Fakirchand College, but eventually declined it, owing to travel difficulties. Instead he was obliged to take up a post at Howrah Girl's College (now known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijoy_Krishna_Girls%E2%80%99_College" title="Bijoy Krishna Girls’ College" class="mw-redirect">Bijoy Krishna Girls’ College</a>), a constituent affiliated undergraduate college of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>. As the head of the English department, he was entitled to a 50-taka monthly bonus on top of his salary.</p> <p>By the last year of his life, Jibanananda was acclaimed as one of the best poets of the post-Tagore era. He was constantly in demand at literary conferences, poetry readings, radio recitals etc. In May 1954, he published a volume titled 'Best Poems' (<i>Sreshttho Kobita</i>). His <i>Best Poems</i> won the Indian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a> Award in 1955.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Love and marriage">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Love_and_marriage">Love and marriage</span></h3> <p>Young Jibanananda fell in love with Shovona, daughter of his uncle Atulchandra Das, who lived in the neighbourhood. He dedicated his first anthology of poems to Shovona without mentioning her name explicitly. He did not try to marry Shovona since marriage between cousins was not approvable by the society. But he never forgot Shovona who went by her nick Baby. She has been referred to as Y in his literary notes. Soon after wedding with Labanyaprabha Das (née Gupta) in 1930, personality clash erupted and Jibanananda Das gave up hope of a happy married life. The gap with his wife never narrowed. While Jibanananda was struggling with death after a tram accident on 14 October 1954, Labanyaprabha did not find time for more than once for visiting her husband on death bed. At that time she was busy in film-making in Tollyganj.</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span></h3> <p>On October 14, 1954, he was carelessly crossing a road near Calcutta's Deshapriya Park when he was hit by a tram. Jibanananda was returning home after his routine evening walk. At that time, he used to reside in a rented apartment on the Lansdowne Road. Seriously injured, he was taken to Shambhunath Pundit Hospital. Poet-writer Sajanikanta Das who had been one of his fiercest critics was tireless in his efforts to secure the best treatment for the poet. He even persuaded Dr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a> (then chief minister of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>) to visit him in hospital. Nonetheless, the injury was too severe to redress. Jibanananda died in hospital on October 22, 1954 eight days later, at about midnight. He was then 55 and left behind his wife, Labanyaprabha Das, a son and a daughter, and the ever-growing band of readers.<br />His body was cremated the following day at Keoratola crematorium.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Following popular belief, it has been alleged in some biographical accounts that his accident was actually an attempt at suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Although none of the Jibanananda biographers have indicated such, it appears from circumstantial evidence that it was an attempt to end his own life.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The literary circle deeply mourned his death. Almost all the newspapers published obituaries which contained sincere appreciations of the poetry of Jibanananda. Poet Sanjay Bhattacharya wrote the death news and sent to different newspapers. On 1 November 1954, <i>The Times of India</i> wrote :</p> <blockquote> <p>The premature death after an accident of Mr. Jibanananda Das removes from the field of Bengali literature a poet, who, though never in the limelight of publicity and prosperity, made a significant contribution to modern Bengali poetry by his prose-poems and free-verse. ... A poet of nature with a serious awareness of the life around him Jibanananda Das was known not so much for the social content of his poetry as for his bold imagination and the concreteness of his image. To a literary world dazzled by Tagore’s glory, Das showed how to remain true to the poet’s vocation without basking in its reflection.”</p> </blockquote> <p>In his obituary in the <i>Shanibarer Chithi</i>, Sajanikanta Das quoted from the poet :</p> <blockquote> <p>When one day I’ll leave this body once for all −<br />Shall I never return to this world any more?<br />Let me come back<br />On a winter night<br />To the bedside of any dying acquaintance<br />With a cold pale lump of orange in hand.<br /></p> </blockquote> <p>Everyday Jibanananda returns to thousand of his readers and touches them with his unforgettable lines.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prose style">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Prose_style">Prose style</span></h2> <p>During his lifetime Jibanananda remained solely a poet who occasionally wrote literary articles, mostly on request. Only after his death were a huge number of novels and short-stories discovered. Thematically, Jibanananda's storylines are largely autobiographical. His own time constitutes the perspective. While in poetry he subdued his own life, he allowed it to be brought into his fiction. Structurally his fictional works are based more on dialogues than description by the author. However, his prose shows a unique style of compound sentences, use of non-colloquial words and a typical pattern of punctuation. His essays evidence a heavy prose style, which although complex, is capable of expressing complicated analytical statements. As a result his prose was very compact, containing profound messages in a relatively short space.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Major works">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Major_works">Major works</span></h2> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Poetry">Poetry</span></h3> <ul><li><i>Jhôra Palok</i> (<i>Fallen Feathers</i>), 1927.</li><li><i>Dhushor Pandulipi</i> (<i>Grey Manuscript</i>), 1936.</li><li><i>Bônolôta Sen</i>, 1942</li><li><i>Môhaprithibi</i> (<i>Great Universe</i>), 1944 :</li><li><i>Shaat-ti Tarar Timir</i>, (<i>Darkness of Seven Stars</i>), 1948.</li><li><i>Shreshtho Kobita</i>, (<i>Best Poems</i>),1954 : Navana, Calcutta, .</li><li><i>Rupôshi Bangla</i> (<i>Bengal, the Beautiful</i>), written in 1934, published posthumously in 1957.</li><li><i>Bela Obela Kalbela</i> (<i>Times, Bad Times, End Times</i>), 1961, published posthumously but the manuscript was prepared during lifetime.</li><li><i>Sudorshona</i>(<i>The beautiful</i>), published posthumously in 1973: Sahitya Sadan, Calcutta.</li><li><i>Alo Prithibi</i> (<i>The World of Light</i>), published posthumously in 1981 :Granthalaya Private Ltd., Calcutta.</li><li><i>Manobihangam</i> (<i>The Bird that is my Heart</i>), published posthumously in 1979 : Bengal Publishers Private Ltd. Calcutta.</li><li><i>Oprkashitô Ekanno</i> (<i>Unpublished Fifty-one</i>), Published posthumously in 1999, Mawla Brothers, Dhaka.</li></ul> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Novels">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Novels">Novels</span></h3> <ul><li><i>Malyabaan</i> (novel), New Script, Calcutta, 1973 (posthumuously published).</li><li><i>Purnima</i></li><li><i>Kalyani</i></li><li><i>Chaarjon</i></li><li><i>Bibhav</i></li><li><i>Mrinal</i></li><li><i>Nirupam Yatra</i></li><li><i>Karu-Bashona</i></li><li><i>Jiban-Pronali</i></li><li><i>Biraaj</i></li><li><i>Pretinir</i></li><li><i>Sutirtha</i></li><li><i>Bashmatir Upakhyan</i></li></ul> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Short stories">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Short_stories">Short stories</span></h3> <ul><li><i>Akankha-Kamonar Bilas</i></li><li><i>Sango, Nisongo</i></li><li><i>Raktomangsohin</i></li><li><i>Nirupam Jatra</i></li><li><i>Jamrultola</i></li><li><i>Paliye Jete</i></li><li><i>Meyemnus</i></li><li><i>Hiseb-nikes</i></li><li><i>Kotha sudhu Kotha, Kotha, Kotha</i></li><li><i>Purnima</i></li><li><i>Kuashar Vitor Mrityur Somoy</i></li><li><i>Meyemanuser Ghrane</i></li><li><i>Mangser Kanti</i></li><li><i>Bibahito Jibon</i></li><li><i>Nakoler Khelae</i></li><li><i>Ma hoyar kono Saadh</i></li><li><i>Premik Swami</i></li><li><i>Mohisher Shingh</i></li><li><i>Basor Sojyar pase</i></li><li><i>Taajer Chobi</i></li><li><i>Sari</i></li><li><i>Hater Tas</i></li><li><i>Chakri Nei</i></li><li><i>Aekgheye Jibon</i></li><li><i>Kinnorlok</i></li><li><i>Sheetrater Andhokare</i></li><li><i>Prithibita Sishuder Noy</i></li><li><i>Jadur Desh</i></li><li><i>Chayanot</i></li><li><i>Somnath o Shrimoti</i></li><li><i>Bilas</i></li><li><i>Upekkhar Sheet</i></li><li><i>Boi</i></li><li><i>Sadharon Manus</i></li><li><i>Britter moto</i></li></ul> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Non-fiction">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</span></h3> <ul><li><i>Kobitaar Kôtha</i> (tr. <i>On Poetry</i>), Signet Press, Calcutta, 1362 (Bengali year).</li><li><i>Rabindranath o Adhunik Bangla Kobita</i></li><li><i>Matrachetona</i></li><li><i>Uttoroibik Banglakabbyo</i></li><li><i>Kobita Prosonge</i></li><li><i>Kobitar Atma o Sorir</i></li><li><i>Ki hisebe Saswato</i></li><li><i>Kobitapath</i></li><li><i>Desh kal o kobita</i></li><li><i>Sottyo Biswas o Kobita</i></li><li><i>Ruchi, Bichar o Onnanyo kotha</i></li><li><i>Kobitar Alochona</i></li><li><i>Adhunik Kobita</i></li><li><i>Bangla Kobitar Bhobishyot</i></li><li><i>Asomapto Alochona</i></li><li><i>Lekhar Kotha</i></li><li><i>Kobita o Konkaboti</i></li><li><i>Sikkha, Dikkha Sikkhokota</i></li><li><i>Sikkhar Kotha</i></li><li><i>Sikkha-Dikkha</i></li><li><i>Sikkha o Ingrezi</i></li><li><i>Ektukhani</i></li><li><i>Amar Baba</i></li><li><i>Amar Ma</i></li><li><i>Rasoranjan Sen</i></li><li><i>Prithibi o Somoy</i></li><li><i>Sottendranath Dutt</i></li><li><i>Nazrul Islam</i></li><li><i>"Aat Bachor Ager Din" prosonge</i></li><li><i>"Dhusor Pandulipi" prosonge</i></li><li><i>Ekti Aprokashito Kobita</i></li><li><i>Jukti Jiggasha o Bangali</i></li><li><i>Bangla Bhasa o Sahittyer Bhobshiyot</i></li><li><i>Swapno kamona'r bhumika</i></li><li><i>Keno Likhi</i></li><li><i>Sworgiyo Kalimohon Daser sradhobasore</i></li><li><i>Saratchandra</i></li><li><i>"Camp"-e</i></li></ul> <dl><dt>English essays</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>The Bengali novel today</i></li><li><i>The Bengali Poetry today</i></li><li><i>Konkaboti: Buddhadeb Basu</i></li><li><i>Aongikar: Krishna Dhar</i></li><li><i>Sheete Upekkhita: Ranjan</i></li><li><i>Journal: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">Gide</a></i></li><li><i>Gioconda Smile: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a></i></li><li><i>Three Voices of Poetry: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></i></li><li><i>Doctor Faustus: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></i></li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Major Collected Texts">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Major_Collected_Texts">Major Collected Texts</span></h2> <ul><li>Bandopdhaya, Deviprasad : Kabya Songroho − Jibanananda Das (tr. Collection of Poetry of Jibanananda Das), 1993, Bharbi, 13/1 Bankim Chatterjje Street, Kolkata-73.</li><li>Bandopdhaya, Deviprasad : Kabya Songroho − Jibanananda Das (tr. Collection of Poetry of Jibanananda Das), 1999, Gatidhara, 38/2-KA Bangla Bazaar, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh.</li><li>Bandopdhaya, Deviprasad : Jibanananda Das Uttorparba (1954–1965), 2000, Pustak Bipani, Calcutta.</li><li>Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1990), <i>Jibanananda Das'er Prôbôndha Sômôgrô</i>, (tr: <i>Complete non-ficitonal prose works of Jibanananda Das</i>), First edition : Desh Prokashon, Dhaka.</li><li>Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1995), <i>Jibanananda Das'er Prôbôndha Sômôgrô</i>, (tr: <i>Complete non-ficitonal prose works of Jibanananda Das</i>), Second edition : Mawla Brothers, Dhaka.</li><li>Chowdhury, F. L. (ed) : Oprokashito 51 (tr. Unpublished fifty one poems of Jibanananda Das), 1999, Mawla Brothers, Dhaka.</li><li>Shahriar, Abu Hasan : Jibanananda Das-er Gronthito-Ogronthito Kabita Samagra, 2004, Agaami Prokashoni, Dhaka.</li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jibanananda in English Translation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Jibanananda_in_English_Translation">Jibanananda in English Translation</span></h2> <p>Translating Jibanananda Das (JD) poses a real challenge to any translator. It not only requires translation of words and phrases, it demands 'translation' of colour and music, of imagination and images. Translations are a works of interpretation and reconstruction. When it comes to JD, both are quite difficult.</p> <p>However people have shown enormous enthusiasm in translating JD. Translation of JD commenced as the poet himself rendered some of his poetry into English at the request of poet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhadeb_Bose" title="Buddhadeb Bose" class="mw-redirect">Buddhadeb Bose</a> for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavita" title="Kavita">Kavita</a>. That was 1952. His translations include <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banalata_Sen" title="Banalata Sen">Banalata Sen</a></i>, <i>Meditations</i>, <i>Darkness</i>, <i>Cat</i> and <i>Sailor</i> among others, many of which are now lost. Since then many JD lovers have taken interest in translating JD's poetry into English. These have been published, home and abroad, in different anthologies and magazines.</p> <p>Obviously different translators have approached their task from different perspectives. Some intended to merely transliterate the poem while others wanted to maintain the characteristic tone of Jibanananda as much as possible. As indicated above, the latter is not an easy task. In this connection, it is interesting to quote <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chidananda_Dasgupta" title="Chidananda Dasgupta">Chidananda Dasgupta</a> who informed of his experience in translating JD :</p> <blockquote> <p>Effort has of course been made to see that the original's obliqueness or deliberate suppression of logical and syntactical links are not removed altogether. Sometimes Jibanananda's very complicated and apparently arbitrary syntax has been smoothed out to a clear flow. On occasion, a word or even a line has been dropped, and its intention incorporated somewhere just before or after. Names of trees, plants, places or other elements incomprehensible in English have often been reduced or eliminated for fear that they should become an unpleasant burden on the poem when read in translation.<ref?* chidananda="" selected="" poems="" jibanananda="" penguin="" new="" ref=""></ref?*></p> </blockquote> <p>Small wonder that Chidananda Dasgupta took quite a bit of liberty in his project of translating JD.</p> <p>Major books containing poems of Jibanananda in English translation, as of 2008, are given below:</p> <ul><li>Ahmed, Mushtaque : 'Gleanings from Jibanananda Das', 2002, Cox’s Bazaar Shaitya Academy, Cox’s Bazaar, Bangladesh.</li><li>Alam, Fakrul : 'Jibanananda Das - Selected poems with an Introduction, Chronology, and Glossary', 1999, University Press Limited, Dhaka.</li><li>Banerji, Anupam : 'Poems : Bengal the Beautiful and Banalata Sen by Jivanananda Das', (Translated and Illustrated by Anupam Banerji), 1999, North Waterloo Academic Press, 482 Lexington Crescent, Waterloo, Ontario, N2K 2J8, 519-742-2247.</li><li>Chaudhuri, Sukanta (ed): 'A Certain Sense – Poems by Jibanananda Das', Translated by Various Hands, 1998, Sahitya Akademi, Kolkatta.</li><li>Chowdhury, F. L. (ed) : 'I have seen the Bengal's face – Poems from Jibanananda Das' (An anthology of poems from Jibanananda Das translated in English), 1995, Creative Workshop, Chittagong, Bangladesh.</li><li>Chowdhury, F. L. and G. Mustafa (ed) : 'Beyond Land and Time' (An anthology of one hundred selected poems of Jibanananda Das, translated into English), 2008, Somoy Prokashan, Dhaka, Bangladesh.</li><li>Dashgupta, Chidananda : 'Selected Poems - Jibanananda Das', 2006, Penguin Books, New Delhi.</li><li>Gangopadhyay, Satya : Poems of Jibanananda Das, 1999, Chhatagali, Chinsurah, West Bengal, India.</li><li>Seely, Clinton B. : 'A Poet Apart' (A comprehensive literary biography of Jibanananda Das), 1990, Associated University Press Ltd, USA.</li><li>Seely, Clinton B. : 'Scent of Sun' (An anthology of poems of Jibanananda Das in English translation), 2008, — upcoming.</li><li>Winter, Joe : 'Jibanananda Das – Naked Lonely Hand' (Selected poems : translated from Bengali), 2003, Anvil Press Poetry Ltd., London, UK.</li><li>Winter, Joe : 'Bengal the Beautiful', 2006, Anvil Press Poetry Ltd., Neptune House, 70 Royal Hill, London SE10 8RF, UK.</li></ul> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tribute">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Tribute">Tribute</span></h3> <p>" After Rabindranath, Jibanananda was the creator of a new kind of modernity in Bengali poetry. He gave birth to a completely new kind of language. In this context all of his anthologies are important. But, I like most 'Dhusar Pandulipi', 'Rupasi Bangla', 'Bela Abela Kalbela'...all of them are good. Actually in good poetry, the mind is transformed...Actually, the life of poet cohabits both solitude and ambition. So was Jibananda's...it is difficult to defy and condradict the revered poets of the world. Jibananda, is one such revered poets." -- Binoy Majumdar.</p> <p>" In the Post-Tagore era, Jibanananda was the most successful in creating a ring of poetry of uniqueness." -- Buddhadeb Bhattacharya</p> <p>" When ever I started reading Jibanananda, I found known poems in a new light." -- Joy Goswami.</p> <p>" Death has never been a unidimensional concept in Jibanananda's poetry. It has multiple meanings, multiple scopes." -- Pabitra Sarkar.</p> <p>" Pure and layered symbol is the speciality of Jibanananda's poetry. By exploring the unnamed expressions of the poetry, readers get bewitched into the symbols, images." -- Dilip Jhaveri</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Quotation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Quotation">Quotation</span></h3> <p>" Calcutta, with all its blemishes and bad names, is, after all, even in its odd architectural medley not so graceless as many strangers and Indians are disposable to think than it is."</p> <p>" Despite important differences, Calcutta seemed as its intricate map of body and mind would be laid open to bear a rather near resemblance to Paris."</p> <p>" A mature artist...does not propose to evade the riddles around him. He takes stock of the significant directions and the purposes of his age and of their more clear and concrete embodiments in the men of his age. He arrives at his own philosophy and builds his own world, which is never a negation of the actual one, but is the same living world organized more truly and prportionately by the special reading of it by the special poet."</p> <p>" Garnered so much of experience when I reached Calucutta; got several possibilities regarding literary, trade etc."</p> <p>" There were so many myths regarding my elder brother. He escaped from the life. He could not tolerate human company. He was solitary. Away from the all hustle-bustle...may be most of them have already proved wrong." -- Sucahrita Das on her elder brother, the poet.</p> <p>" Among our modernist poets, Jibanananda is the most solitary, most independent." -- Buddhadeb Basu</p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Books on Jibanananda">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Books_on_Jibanananda">Books on Jibanananda</span></h3> <ul><li>(1965)'Ekti Nakkhatro Ase', Ambuj Basu, Mousumi.</li><li>(1970)'Kobi Jibanananda Das', Sanjay Bhattacharya, Varbi.</li><li>(1971)'Jibanananda(ek khando)',Gopal Chandra Roy, Sahittya Sadan;'Mauns Jibanananda', Labanya Das, Bengal Publishers; 'Jibanananda Sriti', Debkumar Basu edited, Karuna Prokasani.</li><li>(1972) 'Suddhatamo Kobi', Abdul Mannan Saiyad, Knowledge Home, Dhaka; 'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda', Bijan Kanti Sarkar, Bijoy Sahitya Mandir; 'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda', Shaymapada Sarkar, Kamini Prokasan.</li><li>(1973)'Jibanananda das', edited by Birendra Bhattacharya, Onnisto.</li><li>(1975)'Kobi Jibanananda',Suddhaswatto Basu, Sankha Prokasan.</li><li>(1976)'Jibanishilpi Jibanananda Das',Asadujjan, Bnagladesh Book Corporation, Dhaka.</li><li>(1979)'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda', Bijan Kanti Sarkar, Bijoy Sahitya Mandir; 'Rupasi Banglar Kobi Jibanananda',Shyamapada Sarkar, Kamini Prokashan</li><li>(1980)'Rupasi Banglar Dui Kobi', Purnendu Patri, Ananda Publishers Ltd.</li><li>(1983)'Kacher Manus Jibanananda',Ajit Ghose, Bijoy Krishna Girls’ College Cheap Store;'Rabindranath Najrul Jibanananda ebong aekjon Probasi Bangali', Kalyan Kumar Basu, Biswagaen;'Adhunikata, Jibanananda o Porabastob', Tapodhir Bhattacharya and Swapna Bhattacharya, Nobark;'Jibananander Chetona Jagot', Pradumno Mitra, Sahityshri;'Jibanananda Das:Jiboniponji o Granthoponji',Provat Kumar Das, Hardo;'Prosongo:Jibanananda',Shibaji Bandopadhaya, Ayon.</li><li>(1984)'Jibanananda',Amalendu Basu, Banishilpo,;'Uttor Probesh',Susnato Jana;'Jibanananda',edited by Abdul Manna Sayad, Charitra, Dhaka;'Jibanananda Prasongiki',Sandip Datta, Hardo,</li><li>(1985)'Ami sei Purohit',Sucheta Mitra, A.Mukherji and Co;'Probondhokar Jibananada',Subrata Rudro, Nath Publishing;'Jibanananda Jiggasa',edited by Tarun Mukhopadhaya, pustok Biponi.</li><li>(2005) 'Amar Jibanananda',Dr. Himabanta Bondopadhyay, Bangiya Sahitya Samsad</li></ul> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <p>{{2003} Jibananda : Kabitar Mukhamukhi, Narayan Haldar}</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashlina" title="Akashlina">Akashlina</a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Citations">Citations</span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_ref-0">^</a></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mukto-mona.com/Articles/faizul_latif/jibanananda.htm">Jibananda Das-er Adhunikota</a></li><li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <i>Beyonf Land and Time</i>, ed. Faizul Latif Chowdhury and Golam Mustafa, 2008, Somoy Prokashon, Dhaka</li><li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <i>Beyond Land and Time</i>, ed. Faizul Latif Chowdhury and Golam Mustafa, 2008, Somoy Prokashon, Dhaka</li><li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1995), <i>I have seen the Bengal's face - Poems from Jibanananda Das</i>, Creative Workshop, Chittagong (A collection of forty poems by Jibanananda Das rendered into English by different translators).</li><li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> Seely, Clinton (1990), <i>A Poet Apart : A literary biography of the Bengali Poet Jibanananda Das</i>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a> Press, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_Delaware" title="Newark, Delaware">Newark</a>.</li><li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> * Winter, Joe : 'Jibanananda Das – Naked Lonely Hand' (Selected poems : translated from Bengali), 2003, Anvil Press Poetry Ltd., London, UK.</li><li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1995), <i>I have seen the Bengal's face - Poems from Jibanananda Das</i>, Creative Workshop, Chittagong (-A collection of forty poems by Jibanananda Das rendered into English by different translators</li><li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> Winter, Joe, <i>Jibanananda Das - Naked Lonely Hand</i> ( 2003), Anvil Press Poetry, London</li><li id="cite_note-Das.2C_P._2003_1-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_ref-Das.2C_P._2003_1_8-0">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#CITEREFDas.2C_P.2003">Das, P. 2003</a>, p. 1</li><li id="cite_note-Das.2C_P._2003_2-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_ref-Das.2C_P._2003_2_9-0">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#CITEREFDas.2C_P.2003">Das, P. 2003</a>, p. 2</li><li id="cite_note-Das.2C_P._2003_6-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_ref-Das.2C_P._2003_6_10-0">^</a></b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#CITEREFDas.2C_P.2003">Das, P. 2003</a>, p. 6</li><li id="cite_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_ref-11">^</a></b> Das, Prabhatkumar (2003) <i>Jibanananda Das</i>; 2nd ed. Calcutta: Poshchim-bongo Bangla Akademi</li><li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <i>আধুনিক বাঙলা কবিতা</i> (Modern Bengali Poetry), ed. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun_Azad" title="Humayun Azad">Humayun Azad</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9849012051" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 984-901-205-1</a>.</li><li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> Discussion with Dr. Bhumendra Guha in February 2006</li></ol> </div> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Biography">Biography</span></h3> <ul><li>Bhattacharya, Bitoshoke (2001), <i>Jibanananda</i>, Banishilpo Publishers, Kolkata.</li><li>Banerjee, Deviprarad (1986), <i>Jibanananda Das - Bikaash Protishthaar Itirbitta</i> (tr: <i>A chronicle of development and achievements of Jibanananda Das</i>), Bharat Book Agency, Calcutta.</li><li>Seely, Clinton B. : 'A Poet Apart' (A comprehensive literary biography of Jibanananda Das), 1990, Associated University Press Ltd, USA</li><li>Ray, Gopal (1971), <i>Jibanananda</i>, Sahitya Sadan, Calcutta.</li><li>Das, Prabhatkumar (2003), <i>Jibanananda Das</i> (2nd edition), Poshchim-bongo Bangla Akademi, Calcutta.</li><li>Dassarma, Pradip (2009), <i>Nil Hawar Samudre: a biographical novel on Jibanananda Das</i>, Pratibhash Publishers, Kolkata</li></ul> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Literary Analysis">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Literary_Analysis">Literary Analysis</span></h3> <ul><li>Bose, Ambuj (1965), <i>Ekti Nakshetra Ashe</i> (tr. <i>A star arrives</i>), Mausumi, Calcutta.</li><li>Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1994), <i>Jibanananda Das'er "Aat bochor aager ekdin"</i>, Dibbyo Prokash, Dhaka.</li><li>Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1995), <i>Jibanananda Das'er "Godhuli-shondhi'r Nritto"</i>, Dibbyo Prokash, Dhaka.</li><li>Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1999), <i>Jibanananda Das'er "Mrityur Aage</i>, Dibbyo Prokash, Dhaka.</li><li>Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (1999), <i>Jibanananda Bibechona</i>, Anya Prokash, Dhaka.</li><li>Chowdhury, Faizul Latif (editor) (2000), <i>Proshôngo Jibanananda</i>, Dibbyo Prokash, Dhaka.</li><li>Chowdhury, Pranab (editor) (2001), <i>Jibanananda Niye Probôndho</i> (tr: <i>Essays on Jibanananda</i>), Jatiyo Grontho Prokashon, Dhaka</li><li>Das, Prabhatkumar (1999), <i>Jibanananda Das</i>, Poshchim-bongo Bangla Akademi, Kolkata.</li><li>Dutta, Birendra (2005), <i>Jibanananda: Kobi Gôlpokar</i> (tr: <i>Jibanananda: Poet and Short Story Writer</i>), Pustok Biponi, Kolkata .</li><li>Gupta, Dr. Kshetra (2000), <i>Jibanananda: Kobitar Shorir</i>, Shahitto Prokash, Kolkata.</li><li>Mukhopadhyay, Kamal (editor) (1999), <i>Jibanananda Onnikhon</i>, Shilindhro Prokashon, Kolkata</li><li>Roychoudhury, Samir (editor) (2001), Postmodern Bangla Poetry, Haowa#49 Publishers, Kolkata.</li><li>Rudro, Subrata (1985), <i>Probôndhokar Jibanananda</i> (tr: <i>Jibanananda the Essayist</i>), Nath Publishing, Kolkata</li><li>Roychoudhury, Malay (2002), <i>Postmodern Jibanananda</i>,Graffiti Publishers, Kolkata.</li><li>Shahriar, Abu Hasan (editor) (2003), <i>Jibanananda Das: Mullayon o Patthodhhar</i> (tr: Jibanananda Das: Assessment and Critical Readings<i>), Shahitto Bikash, Dhaka</i></li><li>Syed, Abdul Mannan (editor) and Hasnat, Abul (editor) (2001), <i>Jibanananda Das: Jônmo-shôtobarshik Sharok-grontho</i>, Ôboshôr Prokashona Shôngstha, Dhaka.</li></ul> <table id="collapsibleTable0" class="navbox collapsible autocollapse nobreaklinks"><tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><span class="collapseButton">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibonananda_Das#" id="collapseButton0">hide</a>]</span><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="float:left; text-align:left; width:6em;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Jibanananda_Das" title="Template:Jibanananda Das"><span style="" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style=""><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Jibanananda_Das" title="Template talk:Jibanananda Das"><span style="" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style=""><b>·</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Jibanananda_Das&action=edit"><span style="" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span> <span style="font-size:110%;"><strong class="selflink">The life and works of Jibanananda Das</strong></span></th> </tr> <tr> <th style="background:#DEDDE2" colspan="2">Poetry</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Volumes</th> <td style="text-align: left"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jhara_Palok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jhara Palok (page does not exist)">Jhara Palok</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhusar_Pandulipi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhusar Pandulipi (page does not exist)">Dhusar Pandulipi</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banalata_Sen" title="Banalata Sen">Banalata Sen</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahaprithibi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahaprithibi (page does not exist)">Mahaprithibi</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satti_Tarar_Timir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satti Tarar Timir (page does not exist)">Satti Tarar Timir</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sreshtha_Kabita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sreshtha Kabita (page does not exist)">Sreshtha Kabita</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupasi_Bangla" title="Rupasi Bangla">Rupasi Bangla</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bela_Abela_Kalbela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bela Abela Kalbela (page does not exist)">Bela Abela Kalbela</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das_-_Kabya_Sangraha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jibanananda Das - Kabya Sangraha (page does not exist)">Jibanananda Das - Kabya Sangraha</a></i></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Collections</th> <td style="text-align: left"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prakashita-Aprakashita_Kabita_Shangraha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prakashita-Aprakashita Kabita Shangraha (page does not exist)">Prakashita-Aprakashita Kabita Shangraha</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Das%27er_Kabya-shangraha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jibanananda Das'er Kabya-shangraha (page does not exist)">Jibanananda Das'er Kabya-shangraha</a></i></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background:#DEDDE2" colspan="2">Prose</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Novels</th> <td style="text-align: left"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malyaban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malyaban (page does not exist)">Malyaban</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shutirtha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shutirtha (page does not exist)">Shutirtha</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charjan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charjan (page does not exist)">Charjan</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i>Purnima</i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i>Kalyani</i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nirupam_Yatra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nirupam Yatra (page does not exist)">Nirupam Yatra</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalpaihati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalpaihati (page does not exist)">Jalpaihati</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bashmatir_Upkhshyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bashmatir Upkhshyan (page does not exist)">Bashmatir Upkhshyan</a></i></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Short stories</th> <td style="text-align: left"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Non-fiction</th> <td style="text-align: left"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabitar_Katha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabitar Katha (page does not exist)">Kabitar Katha</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jibanananda_Daser_Prabandha_Sangraha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jibanananda Daser Prabandha Sangraha (page does not exist)">Jibanananda Daser Prabandha Sangraha</a></i></td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background:#DEDDE2" colspan="2">Related articles</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Contemporaries</th> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhadeb_Bosu" title="Buddhadeb Bosu">Buddhadeb Bosu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajit_Kumar_Dutta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajit Kumar Dutta (page does not exist)">Ajit Kumar Dutta</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sajanikanta_Das&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sajanikanta Das (page does not exist)">Sajanikanta Das</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhindranath_Dutta" title="Sudhindranath Dutta">Sudhindranath Dutta</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premendra_Mitra" title="Premendra Mitra">Premendra Mitra</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar_Sen" title="Samar Sen">Samar Sen</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanjay_Bhattacharya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanjay Bhattacharya (page does not exist)">Sanjay Bhattacharya</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Sayeed_Ayub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Sayeed Ayub (page does not exist)">Abu Sayeed Ayub</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achintya_Kumar_Sengupta" title="Achintya Kumar Sengupta">Achintya Kumar Sengupta</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Literary context</th> <td style="text-align: left"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brahmobadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brahmobadi (page does not exist)">Brahmobadi</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallol" title="Kallol">Kallol</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kali-Kalam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kali-Kalam (page does not exist)">Kali-Kalam</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i>Parichay</i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanibarer_Chithi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanibarer Chithi (page does not exist)">Shanibarer Chithi</a></i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i>Kabita</i> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <i>Pragati</i></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Scholars and translators</th> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Mannan_Syed" title="Abdul Mannan Syed">Abdul Mannan Syed</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deviprasad_Bandopadhyay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deviprasad Bandopadhyay (page does not exist)">Deviprasad Bandopadhyay</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chidananda_Dasgupta" title="Chidananda Dasgupta">Chidananda Dasgupta</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_B._Seely" title="Clinton B. Seely">Clinton B. Seely</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faizul_Latif_Chowdhury" title="Faizul Latif Chowdhury">Faizul Latif Chowdhury</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prabhat_Kumar_Mukhopadhayaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhayaya (page does not exist)">Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhayaya</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hassan_Shahriar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hassan Shahriar (page does not exist)">Abu Hassan Shahriar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhumendra_Guha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhumendra Guha (page does not exist)">Bhumendra Guha</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakrul_Alam" title="Fakrul Alam">Fakrul Alam</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Winter" title="Joe Winter">Joe Winter</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anupam_Sen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anupam Sen (page does not exist)">Anupam Sen</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Places</th> <td style="text-align: left"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barisal" title="Barisal">Barisal</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brajamohan_College" title="Brajamohan College" class="mw-redirect">Brajamohan College</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></td></tr></tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-82780573941760767642011-11-10T18:32:00.000+05:302011-11-10T18:36:08.278+05:30Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay<table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="fn" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay<br />বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র চট্টোপাধ্যায়</th> </tr> <tr class=""> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bankim_chandra_chatterjee.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Bankim_chandra_chatterjee.jpg" height="248" width="180" /></a><br /><span style="">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</span></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Born</th> <td class="" style="">27 June 1838<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naihati" title="Naihati">Naihati</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Died</th> <td class="" style="">8 April 1894 (aged 55)<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Occupation</th> <td class="role" style="">Magistrate, writer, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecture" title="Lecture">lecturer</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Nationality</th> <td class="category" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India" title="British India" class="mw-redirect">Indian</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Ethnicity</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Hindu" title="Bengali Hindu" class="mw-redirect">Bengali Hindu</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Alma mater</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Genres</th> <td class="category" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">Poet</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist" class="mw-redirect">novelist</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essayist" title="Essayist" class="mw-redirect">essayist</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Subjects</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Literary movement</th> <td class="" style=""><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Notable work(s)</th> <td class="" style="">Author of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamath" title="Anandamath">Anandamath</a> containing the National Song of India <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vande_Mataram" title="Vande Mataram">Vande Mataram</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn">বঙ্কিমচন্দ্র চট্টোপাধ্যায়</span> <i>Bôngkim Chôndro Chôţţopaddhae</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> (27 June 1838 <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> – 8 April 1894) was a famous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a> writer, poet and journalist.<sup id="cite_ref-star_2-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#cite_note-star-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> He was the composer of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>’s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_song" title="National song" class="mw-redirect">national song</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vande_Mataram" title="Vande Mataram">Vande Mataram</a></i>, originally a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">stotra</a></i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">personifying</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a> and inspiring the activists during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Freedom_Movement" title="Indian Freedom Movement" class="mw-redirect">Indian Freedom Movement</a>. Bankim Chandra wrote 13 novels and several ‘serious, serio-comic, satirical, scientific and critical treaties’ in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>. His works were widely translated into other regional languages of India as well as in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.</p> <p>Bankim Chandra was born to an orthodox <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> family at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanthalpara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanthalpara (page does not exist)">Kanthalpara</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a>. He was educated at Hoogly College and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_College,_Kolkata" title="Presidency College, Kolkata" class="mw-redirect">Presidency College, Calcutta</a>. He was one of the first graduates of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>. From 1858, until his retirement in 1891, he served as a deputy magistrate and deputy collector in the Government of British India.</p> <p>Bankim Chandra is widely regarded as a key figure in literary renaissance of Bengal as well as India.<sup id="cite_ref-star_2-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#cite_note-star-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> He is still held to be one of the timeless and brightest figures of not only Bengal, but also of the entire literati of India. Some of his writings, including novels, essays and commentaries, were a breakaway from traditional verse-oriented Indian writings, and provided an inspiration for authors across India.<sup id="cite_ref-star_2-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#cite_note-star-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>When <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a> decided to start a patriotic journal in August 1906, he named it Vande Mataram, after Bankim Chandra's song. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a> also published a journal of the same name.</p> <table id="toc" class="toc"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle"> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </span></div> <ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#Early_life_and_background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and background</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#Literary_career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Literary career</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#Quotes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Quotes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and background">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_background">Early life and background</span></h2> <p>Bankim Chandra was born in the village Kanthalpara in the district of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naihati" title="Naihati">Naihati</a>,in an orthodox <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a> Brahmin family, the youngest of three brothers, to Yadav (or Jadab) Chandra Chattopadhyaya and Durgadebi. His family was orthodox, and his father, a government official who went on to become the Deputy Collector of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnapur" title="Midnapur" class="mw-redirect">Midnapur</a>. One of his brothers, Sanjeeb Chandra Chatterjee, was also a novelist and his known for his famous book "Palamau".</p> <p>He was educated at the Mohsin College in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugli-Chinsura" title="Hugli-Chinsura" class="mw-redirect">Hugli-Chinsura</a><sup id="cite_ref-hindunet_3-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#cite_note-hindunet-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> and later at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_College,_Kolkata" title="Presidency College, Kolkata" class="mw-redirect">Presidency College</a>, graduating with a degree in Arts in 1857. He was one of the first two graduates of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#cite_note-banglapedia-4"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> He later obtained a degree in Law as well, in 1869.</p> <p>He was appointed as Deputy Collector, just like his father, of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessore" title="Jessore" class="mw-redirect">Jessore</a>, Chatterjee went on to become a Deputy Magistrate, retiring from government service in 1891. His years at work were peppered with incidents that brought him into conflict with the ruling British. However, he was made a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">Companion, Order of the Indian Empire</a> in 1894.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literary career">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Literary_career">Literary career</span></h2> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float: right; clear: right; color: black; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 22em; margin: 0 0 1.0em 1.0em; padding: 0.2em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%; border:2px solid #FFC569;background:##00CED1; padding-bottom:0.3em;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td class="" style="padding-top: 0.4em; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1.2em;">Part of a series on</td> </tr> <tr> <th class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; padding-top: 0; font-size: 145%; line-height: 1.15em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent; padding-top:0; font-size:150%; line-height:1.0em; font-weight:normal; border:1px solid #FFC569;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_politics" title="Hindu politics">Hindu politics</a></b></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="" style="padding: 0.2em 0 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="image"><img alt="Om.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/50px-Om.svg.png" height="52" width="50" /></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-top: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div id="NavFrame1" class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; background:#FFC569;text-align: left">Concepts<a id="NavToggle1" class="NavToggle">[show]</a></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div id="NavFrame2" class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; background:#FFC569;text-align: left">Freedom Fighters<a id="NavToggle2" class="NavToggle">[show]</a></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div id="NavFrame3" class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; background:#FFC569;text-align: left">Political leaders<a id="NavToggle3" class="NavToggle">[show]</a></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div id="NavFrame4" class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; background:#FFC569;text-align: left">Major political parties<a id="NavToggle4" class="NavToggle">[show]</a></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em;"> <div id="NavFrame5" class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0;"> <div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%; background:#FFC569;text-align: left">Authors on Hindu politics<a id="NavToggle5" class="NavToggle">[show]</a></div> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding: 0; line-height: 0.4em"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="" style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.3em; font-weight: bold; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; text-align:center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Himalaya_region" title="Portal:Himalaya region">Portal:Himalaya region</a><br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Government_of_India" title="Portal:Government of India">Government of India portal</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: right; padding-top: 0.6em;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style=""><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:-.12em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Hindu_politics" title="Template:Hindu politics"><span style="" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style=""><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_politics" title="Template talk:Hindu politics"><span style="" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style=""><b>·</b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Hindu_politics&action=edit"><span style="" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Bankim Chandra, following the model of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwarchandra_Gupta" title="Ishwarchandra Gupta" class="mw-redirect">Ishwarchandra Gupta</a>, began his literary career as a writer of verse. His majestic talents showed him other directions, and turned to fiction. His first attempt was a novel in Bengali submitted for a declared prize. He did not win the prize, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelette" title="Novelette">novelette</a> was never published. His first fiction to appear in print was <i>Rajmohan's Wife</i>. It was written in English and was probably a translation of the novelette submitted for the prize.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2007">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Durgeshnondini</i>, his first Bengali romance and the first ever novel in Bengali, was published in 1865.</p> <p><i>Kapalkundala</i> (1866) is Chatterjee's first major publication. The heroine of this novel, named after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">mendicant</a> woman in Bhavabhuti's <i>Malatimadhava</i>, is modelled partly after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa" class="mw-redirect">Kalidasa</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakuntala" title="Shakuntala">Shakuntala</a> and partly after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare" title="Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_%28Shakespeare%29" title="Miranda (Shakespeare)" class="mw-redirect">Miranda</a></i>. However, the partial similarities are only inferential analysis by critics, and Chatterjee's heroine may be completely his original. He had chosen Dariapur in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contai" title="Contai">Contai</a> Subdivision as the background of this famous novel.</p> <p>His next romance, <i>Mrinalini</i> (1869), marks his first attempt to set his story against a larger historical context. This book marks the shift from Chatterjee's early career, in which he was strictly a writer of romances, to a later period in which he aimed to stimulate the intellect of the Bengali speaking people and bring about a cultural renaissance of Bengali literature. He started publishing a monthly literary magazine <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangadarshan" title="Bangadarshan">Bangadarshan</a> in April 1892, the first edition of which was filled almost entirely with his own work. The magazine carried serialized novels, stories, humorous sketches, historical and miscellaneous essays, informative articles, religious discourses, literary criticisms and reviews. <i>Vishabriksha</i> (The Poison Tree, 1873) is the first novel of Bankim Chandra that appeared serially in <i>Bangodarshan</i>.</p> <p><i>Bangodarshan</i> went out of circulation after 4 years. It was later revived by his brother, Sanjeeb Chandra Chatterjee.</p> <p>Bankim Chandra's next major novel was <i>Chandrasekhar</i> (1877), which contains two largely unrelated parallel plots. Although the scene is once shifted back to eighteenth century, the novel is not historical. His next novel was <i>Rajani</i> (1877), which features an autobiographical plot, with a blind girl in the title role. Autobiographical plots had been used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkie_Collins" title="Wilkie Collins">Wilkie Collins</a>' "A Woman in White", and a precedent for blind girl in a central role existed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bulwer-Lytton" title="Edward Bulwer-Lytton" class="mw-redirect">Edward Bulwer-Lytton</a>'s Nydia in "The Last Days of Pompeii", though the similarities of <i>Rajani</i> with these publications end there. In <i>Krishnakanter Will</i> (Krishnakanta's Will, 1878) Chatterjee produced a complex plot.It was a brilliant depiction of the contemporary India, lifestyle and corruption,In that complexity, critics saw resemblance to Western novels. The plot is somewhat akin to that of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poison_Tree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poison Tree (page does not exist)">Poison Tree</a>.</p> <p>One of the many novels of Bankim Chandra that are entitled to be termed as historical fiction is <i>Rajsimha</i> (1881, rewritten and enlarged 1893). <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamath" title="Anandamath">Anandamath</a></i> (The Abbey of Bliss, 1882) is a political novel which depicts a Sannyasi (Hindu ascetic) army fighting the soldiers of the Muslim <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a>. The book calls for the rise of Hindu nationalism to uproot the foreign Turko-Afghan Muslim rule of Bengal and put forth as a temporary alternative the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company" title="British East India Company" class="mw-redirect">East India Company</a> till Hindus were fit for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self_Rule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self Rule (page does not exist)">Self Rule</a>. The novel was also the source of the song <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vande_Mataram" title="Vande Mataram">Vande Mataram</a> (I worship my Motherland for she truly is my mother) which, set to music by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, was taken up by many Indian nationalists, and is now the National Song of India. The novel is loosely based on the time of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannyasi_Rebellion" title="Sannyasi Rebellion">Sannyasi Rebellion</a>, In the actual rebellion, Hindus <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sannyasi" title="Sannyasi" class="mw-redirect">sannyasis</a> and Muslim <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">fakirs</a> both rebelled against the British East India Company. The novel first appeared in serial form in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangadarshan" title="Bangadarshan">Bangadarshan</a>, the literary magazine that Bankim founded in 1872<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Bankim Chandra's next novel, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Chaudhurani" title="Devi Chaudhurani">Devi Chaudhurani</a></i>, was published in 1884. His final novel, <i>Sitaram</i> (1886), tells the story of a local Hindu lord, torn between his wife and the woman he desires but unable to attain, makes a series of blunders and takes arrogant, self-destructive decisions. Finally, he must confront his self and motivate the few loyal soldiers that stand between his estate and the Muslim <i>Nabab'</i>s army about to take over.</p> <p>Bankim Chandra's humorous sketches are his best known works other than his novels. <i>Kamalakanter Daptar</i> (From the Desk of Kamalakanta, 1875; enlarged as <i>Kamalakanta</i>, 1885) contains half humorous and half serious sketches. Kamalakanta is an opium-addict, similar to De Quincey's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_of_an_English_Opium-Eater" title="Confessions of an English Opium-Eater">Confessions of an English Opium-Eater</a>, but Bankim Chandra goes much beyond with his deft handling of sarcastic, political messages that Kamalakanta delivers.</p> <p>Bankim Chandra's commentary on the Gita was published eight years after his death and contained his comments up to the 19th Verse of Chapter 4. Through this work, he attempted to reassure Hindus who were increasingly being exposed to Western ideas. His belief was, that there was "No serious hope of progress in India except in Hinduism-reformed,regenerated and purified". He wrote an extensive commentary on two verses in particular-2.12 and 2.13-which deal with the immortality of the soul and its reincarnation<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Critics, like Pramathnath Bishi, consider Bankim Chandra as the best novelist in Bangla literature. Their belief is that few writers in world literature have excelled in both philosophy and art as Bankim has done. They have felt that in a colonised nation Bankim could not overlook politics. He was one of the first intellectuals who wrote in a British colony, accepting and rejecting the status at the same time. Bishi also rejects the division of Bankim in `Bankim the artist' and `Bankim the moralist' - for Bankim must be read as a whole. The artist in Bankim cannot be understood unless you understand him as a moralist and vice versa.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span></h2> <p>He was married at a very young of age of eleven, he had a son from his first wife, she died in 1859. He later married Rajalakshmi Devi. They had three daughters.</p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Quotes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Quotes">Quotes</span></h2> <ul><li>Once <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna_Paramahamsa" title="Ramakrishna Paramahamsa" class="mw-redirect">Ramakrishna Paramahamsa</a>, playing on the meaning of Bankim (<i>Bent A Little</i>), asked him what it was that had bent him. Bankim Chandra jokingly replied that it was the kick from the Englishman's shoe for he was a well known critique of the British and he used his excellent sense of humor and comedy to do so.</li><li>After the <i>Vishabriksha</i> (<i>The Poison Tree</i>) was published in 1873, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> of London mentioned:</li></ul> <table style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent; width:auto;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 10px;" valign="top" width="20">“</td> <td style="padding:4px 10px;" valign="top">Have you read the Poison Tree<br />of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee?</td> <td style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 10px;" valign="bottom" width="20">”</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2> <p><b>Fiction</b></p> <ul><li><i>Durgeshnandini</i> (March 1865)</li><li><i>Kapalkundala</i> (1866)</li><li><i>Mrinalini</i> (1869)</li><li><i>Vishabriksha</i> (The Poison Tree, 1873)</li><li><i>Indira</i> (1873, revised 1893)</li><li><i>Jugalanguriya</i> (1874)</li><li><i>Radharani</i> (1876, enlarged 1893)</li><li><i>Chandrasekhar</i> (1877)</li><li><i>Kamalakanter Daptar</i> (From the Desk of Kamlakanta, 1875)</li><li><i>Rajani</i>(1877)</li><li><i>Krishnakanter Uil</i> (Krishnakanta's Will, 1878)</li><li><i>Rajsimha</i> (1882)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandamath" title="Anandamath">Anandamath</a></i> (1882)</li><li><i>Devi Chaudhurani</i> (1884)</li><li><i>Kamalakanta</i> (1885)</li><li><i>Sitaram</i> (March 1887)</li><li><i>Muchiram Gurer Jivancharita</i> (The Life of Muchiram Gur)</li></ul> <p><b>Religious Commentaries</b></p> <ul><li><i>Krishna Charitra</i> (Life of Krishna, 1886)</li><li><i>Dharmatattva</i> (Principles of Religion, 1888)</li><li><i>Devatattva</i> (Principles of Divinity, Published Posthumously)</li><li><i>Srimadvagavat Gita</i>, a Commentary on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> (1902 - Published Posthumously)</li></ul> <p><b>Poetry Collections</b></p> <ul><li><i>Lalita O Manas</i> (1858)</li></ul> <p><b>Essays</b></p> <ul><li><i>Lok Rahasya</i> (Essays on Society, 1874, enlarged 1888)</li><li><i>Bijnan Rahasya</i> (Essays on Science, 1875)</li><li><i>Bichitra Prabandha</i> (Assorted Essays), Vol 1 (1876) and Vol 2 (1892)</li><li><i>Samya</i> (Equality, 1879) <ul><li> <ul><li>This bibliography does not include any of his English works. Indeed his first novel was an English one and he also started writing his religious and philosophical essays in English.</li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-7179531520963579582011-11-09T19:44:00.000+05:302011-11-09T19:45:33.512+05:30Michael Madhusudan Dutta<div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></span></div><table class="infobox vcard" cellspacing="5" style="font-size: 11px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: sans-serif; width: 22em; "><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="fn" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 14px; ">Michael Madhusudan Dutta</th></tr><tr class=""><td colspan="2" class="" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MichaelMadhusudanDatta.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/MichaelMadhusudanDatta.jpg" width="132" height="168" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a><br />Michael Madhusudan Dutt</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; ">Born</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top; ">25 January 1824<br />Sagardanri village, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessore_District" title="Jessore District" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Jessore</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India" title="British India" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">British India</a></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; ">Died</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top; ">29 June 1873 (aged 49)<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta" title="Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Calcutta</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India" title="British India" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">British India</a></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; ">Occupation</th><td class="role" style="vertical-align: top; ">Writer</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; ">Nationality</th><td class="category" style="vertical-align: top; ">British Indian</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; ">Ethnicity</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people" title="Bengali people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bengali</a></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; ">Genres</th><td class="category" style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet" title="Poet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Poet</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">playwright</a></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; ">Subjects</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Literature</a></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; ">Literary movement</th><td class="" style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bengal Renaissance</a></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><b>Michael Madhusudan Dutt</b> or <b>Michael Madhusudan Dutta</b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn" lang="bn">মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্ত</span> (<span class="unicode"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madhusudan.ogg" title="About this sound" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="About this sound" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" width="11" height="11" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; " /></a> <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Madhusudan.ogg" class="internal" title="Madhusudan.ogg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><i>Maikel Modhushudôn Dôtto</i></a> <small class="metadata audiolinkinfo" style="cursor: help; ">(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span style="cursor: help; ">help</span></a>·<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madhusudan.ogg" title="File:Madhusudan.ogg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span style="cursor: help; ">info</span></a>)</small></span>) 25 January 1824 – 29 June 1873) was a popular 19th century <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bengali</a> poet and dramatist.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#cite_note-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[1]</a></sup> He was born in Sagardari (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn" lang="bn">সাগরদাঁড়ি</span>), on the bank of Kopotaksho [কপোতাক্ষ] River, a village in Keshobpur Upozila, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessore_District" title="Jessore District" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Jessore District</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">East Bengal</a> (now in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bangladesh</a>). His father was Rajnarayan Dutt, an eminent lawyer, and his mother was Jahnabi Devi. He was a pioneer of Bengali drama. His famous work <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meghnad_Bodh_Kavya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meghnad Bodh Kavya (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(186, 0, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Meghnad Bodh Kavya</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn" lang="bn">মেঘনাদবধ কাব্য</span>), is a tragic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">epic</a>. It consists of nine <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canto" title="Canto" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">cantos</a> and is quite exceptional in Bengali literature both in terms of style and content. He also wrote poems about the sorrows and afflictions of love as spoken by women.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">From an early age, Madhusudan desired to be an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englishman" title="Englishman" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Englishman</a> in form and manner. Born to a Hindu landed gentry family, he converted to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Christianity</a> to the ire of his family and adopted the first name, Michael. However, he was to regret his desire for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">England</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occident" title="Occident" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Occident</a> in later life when he talked ardently of his homeland as is seen in his poems and sonnets from this period.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Madhusudan is widely considered to be one of the greatest poets in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bengali literature</a> and the father of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bangla</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">sonnet</a>. He pioneered what came to be called<i>amitrakshar chhanda</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blank_verse" title="Blank verse" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">blank verse</a>). Dutt died in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Kolkata</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">India</a> on 29 June 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[2]</a></sup></p><table id="toc" class="toc" style="font-size: 12px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; "><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center; "><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; font-size: 12px; display: inline; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px; "> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">hide</a>] </span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#Early_life_and_education" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and education</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#In_His_Own_Words" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In His Own Words</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#Later_life" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Later life</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; "><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#Inspirations_and_Influences" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Inspirations and Influences</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#Linguistic_Abilities" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Linguistic Abilities</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#Work_with_the_Sonnet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Work with the Sonnet</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#Work_in_Blank_Verse" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Work in Blank Verse</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#In_France" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">In France</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#Marriage_and_Relationships" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Marriage and Relationships</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; "><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#Death" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#Legacy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Legacy</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#Major_works" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Major works</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#Further_reading" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">His childhood education started in a village named Shekpura, at an old mosque, where he went to learn <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Persian</a>. He was an exceptionally talented student. Ever since his childhood, young Madhusudan was recognized by his teachers and professors as being a precocious child with a gift of literary expression. He was very imaginative from his boyhood. Early exposure to English education and European literature at home and in Kolkata made him desire to emulate the proverbially stiff upper-lip Englishman in taste, manners and intellect. One of the early impressions were that of his teacher,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capt._D.L.Richardson" title="Capt. D.L.Richardson" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Capt. D.L.Richardson</a> at Hindu College. In this respect, he was an early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Macaulayite</a> without even knowing it. He dreamt of achieving great fame the moment he landed abroad. His adolescence, coupled with the spirit of intellectual enquiry convinced him that he was born on the wrong side of the planet, and that conservative Hindu society in early nineteenth century Bengal (and by extension Indian society) had not yet developed the spirit of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">rationalistic</a> enquiry and appreciation of greater <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">intellectual</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophistry" title="Sophistry" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">sophistry</a> to appreciate his myriad talents. He espoused the view that free thinking and post<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Enlightenment</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West" title="West" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">West</a> would be more receptive to his intellectual acumen and creative genius. In this, perhaps he forgot the colour of his skin, as he was to realize later on in life, much to his consternation and disgust. He composed his early works—poetry and drama—almost entirely in English. Plays like <i>Sormistha</i>, <i>Ratnavali</i> and translations like <i>Neel Durpan</i> and poems like <i>Captive Ladie</i> which was written on the mother of his close friend Sri Bhudev Mukhopadhyay, indicate a high level of intellectual sophistication.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[5]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In His Own Words" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="In_His_Own_Words">In His Own Words</span></h2><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">Where man in all his truest glory lives,<br /><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">And nature's face is exquisitely sweet;<br />For those fair climes I heave impatient sigh,<br />There let me live and there let me die.</p></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br /></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br />Madhusudan embraced Christianity at the church of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William,_India" title="Fort William, India" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Fort William</a> in spite of the objections of his parents and relatives on February 9, 1843. Later, he escaped to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras" title="Madras" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Madras</a> to escape persecution. He describes the day as:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">Long sunk in superstition's night,<br /><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">By Sin and Satan driven,<br />I saw not, cared not for the light<br />That leads the blind to Heaven.<br />But now, at length thy grace, O Lord!<br />Birds all around me shine;<br />I drink thy sweet, thy precious word,<br />I kneel before thy shrine!</p></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">On the eve of his departure to England:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">Forget me not, O Mother,<br /><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Should I fail to return<br />To thy hallowed bosom.<br />Make not the lotus of thy memory<br />Void of its nectar Madhu.</p></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br /></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">(Translated from the original Bengali by the poet.)</p><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later life" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_life">Later life</span></h2><h3 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inspirations and Influences" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Inspirations_and_Influences">Inspirations and Influences</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Dutt was particularly inspired by both the life and work of the English <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Romantic</a> poet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Byron,_6th_Baron_Byron" title="George Byron, 6th Baron Byron" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Lord Byron</a>. The life of Dutt closely parallels the life of Lord Byron in many respects. Like Byron, Dutt was a spirited<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian" title="Bohemian" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">bohemian</a> and like Byron, Dutt was a Romantic, albeit being born on the other side of the world, and as a recipient subject of the British imperialist enterprise. However, the lives of the two can be summed up in one word: audacity. These two mighty poets at once remind us of the saying of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Georges Danton</a>, the French revolutionist: "L'audace, encore l'audace, toujours l'audace!"</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">If Lord Byron won over the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">British</a> literary establishment with <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childe_Harold%27s_Pilgrimage" title="Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Childe Harold's Pilgrimage</a></i>, a comparative analogy may be made for Dutt's heroic epic <i>Meghnadh Badh Kabya</i>, although the journey was far from smooth. However, with its publication, the Indian poet distinguished himself as a serious composer of an entirely new genre of heroic poetry, that was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeric" title="Homeric" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Homeric</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante" title="Dante" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Dantesque</a> in technique and style, and yet so fundamentally <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Indian</a> in theme. To cite the poet himself: "I awoke one morning and found myself famous." Nevertheless, it took a few years for this epic to win recognition all over the country.</p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Linguistic Abilities" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Linguistic_Abilities">Linguistic Abilities</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Madhusudan was a gifted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">linguist</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyglot_(person)" title="Polyglot (person)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">polyglot</a>. Besides Indian languages like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bengali</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Tamil</a>, he was well versed in classical languages like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Greek</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Latin</a>. He also had a fluent understanding of modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_languages" title="European languages" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">European languages</a> like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Italian</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">French</a> and could read and write the last two with perfect grace and ease.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from February 2007">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Work with the Sonnet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Work_with_the_Sonnet">Work with the Sonnet</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">He dedicated his first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">sonnet</a> to his friend <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajnarayan_Basu" title="Rajnarayan Basu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Rajnarayan Basu</a>, along with a letter which in which he wrote:</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">"What say you to this, my good friend? In my humble opinion, if cultivated by men of genius, our sonnet in time would rival the Italian."</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">When Madhusudan later stayed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles" title="Versailles" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Versailles</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">France</a>, the sixth centenary of the Italian poet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Dante Alighieri</a> was being celebrated all over <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Europe</a>. He composed a poem in memory of the immortal poet and translated it into French and Italian and sent it to the court of the king of Italy. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Victor Emmanuel II</a>, the then monarch, was enamored of the poem and wrote back to the poet:</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">"It will be a ring which will connect the Orient with the Occident."</p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Work in Blank Verse" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Work_in_Blank_Verse">Work in Blank Verse</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><i>Sharmistha</i> (spelt as <i>Sermista</i> in English) was Madhusudan's first attempt at blank verse in Bengali literature.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliprasanna_Singha" title="Kaliprasanna Singha" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Kaliprasanna Singha</a> organised a felicitation ceremony to Madhusudan to mark the introduction of blank verse in Bengali poetry.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Sir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashutosh_Mukherjee" title="Ashutosh Mukherjee" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ashutosh Mukherjee</a>, while paying a glowing tribute to Madhusudan's blank verse, observed:</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">"As long as the Bengali race and Bengali literature would exist, the sweet lyre of Madhusudan would never cease playing."</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">He further added:</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">"Ordinarily, reading of poetry causes a soporific effect, but the intoxicating vigour of Madhusudan's poems makes even a sick man sit up on his bed."</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">In his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_an_Unknown_Indian" title="The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirad_C._Chaudhuri" title="Nirad C. Chaudhuri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Nirad C. Chaudhuri</a> has remarked that during his childhood days in Kishoreganj, a common standard for testing the level of erudition in the Bengali language during family gatherings (like for example, testing the vocabulary stock of a would-be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridegroom" title="Bridegroom" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">bridegroom</a> as a way of teasing him) was the ability to pronounce and recite the poetry of Dutt, without the trace of an accent.</p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In France" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="In_France">In France</span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 222px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Rue_Des_Chantiers%22_Street.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%22Rue_Des_Chantiers%22_Street.jpg/220px-%22Rue_Des_Chantiers%22_Street.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Rue_Des_Chantiers%22_Street.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>The street where M Dutt used to live in Versailles, France</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 222px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:12_Rue_Des_Chantier,_78000_Versailles,_France.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/12_Rue_Des_Chantier%2C_78000_Versailles%2C_France.jpg/220px-12_Rue_Des_Chantier%2C_78000_Versailles%2C_France.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:12_Rue_Des_Chantier,_78000_Versailles,_France.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>12 Rue Des Chantiers, 78000 Versailles, France - the apartment building where M Dutt dwelled (photo taken on July 2011)</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">In his trip to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles" title="Versailles" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Versailles</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">France</a> during the 1860s, Madhusudan had to suffer the ignominy of penury and destitution. His friends back home, who had inspired him to cross the ocean in search of recognition, started ignoring him altogether. Perhaps his choice of a lavish lifestyle, coupled with a big ego that was openly hostile to native tradition, was partly to blame for his financial ruin. Except for a very few well-wishers, he had to remain satisfied with many fair-weather friends. It may be argued, not without some obvious irony that during those days, his life oscillated, as it were, between the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Scylla</a> of stark poverty and the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Charybdis</a> of innumerable loans. He was head over heels in debt. As he was not in a position to clear off his debts, he was very often threatened by imprisonment. Dutt was able to return home only due to the munificent generosity of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a>. For this, Dutt was to regard Vidyasagar as<i>Dayar Sagar</i> (meaning <i>the ocean of kindness</i>) for as long as he lived. Madhusudan had cut off all connections with his parents, relatives and at times even with his closest friends, who more often than not were wont to regard him as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">iconoclast</a> and an outcast. It was during the course of his sojourn in Europe that Madhusudan then realized his true identity. Perhaps for the first time in his life, he became aware of the colour of his skin and his native language. What he wrote to his friend <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gour_Das_Bysack" title="Gour Das Bysack" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Gour Bysack</a> from France neatly sums up his eternal dilemma:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">If there be any one among us anxious to leave a name behind him, and not pass away into oblivion like a brute, let him devote himself to his mother-tongue. That is his legitimate sphere his proper element.</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marriage and Relationships" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Marriage_and_Relationships">Marriage and Relationships</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">One of the reasons for his decision to leave the religion of his family was his refusal to enter into an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">arranged marriage</a> that his father had decided for him. He had no respect for that tradition and wanted to break free from the confines of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste" title="Caste" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">caste</a>-based <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogamous" title="Endogamous" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">endogamous</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">marriage</a>. His knowledge of the European tradition convinced him of the superiority of marriages made by mutual consent (or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_marriage" title="Love marriage" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">love marriages</a>).</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Madhusudan married twice. When he was in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras" title="Madras" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Madras</a>, he married <i>Rebecca Mactavys</i>. Through Rebecca, he had four children. Madhusudan wrote to Gour in December 1855:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">Yes, dearest Gour, I have a fine English Wife and four children.</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Michael returned from Madras to Calcutta in February 1856, after his father's death. Michael married a woman named <i>Henrietta Sophia White</i>. His second marriage was to last till the end of his life. From his second marriage, he had one son Napoleon and one daughter Sharmistha.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">The tennis player <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leander_Paes" title="Leander Paes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Leander Paes</a> is the son of his great granddaughter.</p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 252px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madhusudhanduttatomb.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Madhusudhanduttatomb.jpg/250px-Madhusudhanduttatomb.jpg" width="250" height="334" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madhusudhanduttatomb.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Tomb of Michael Madhusudan Dutt</div></div></div><div class="quotebox" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); float: right; clear: right; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 1.4em; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 11px; "><div style="position: relative; text-align: left; "><div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><big>দাঁড়াও পথিক-বর, জন্ম যদি তব বঙ্গে!<br />তিষ্ঠ ক্ষণকাল! এ সমাধিস্তলে<br />জননীর কলে শিশু লভয়ে যেমতি<br />বিরাম) মহীর পদে মহানিদ্রাবৃত<br />দত্তোকুলোদ্ভব কবি শ্রীমধুসূদন!<br />যশোরে সাগরদাঁড়ি কবতক্ষ-তীরে<br />জন্মভূমি, জন্মদাতা দত্ত মহামতি<br />রাজনারায়ণ নামে, জননী জাহ্নবী</big><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[6]</a></sup></p></div></div><div style="text-align: left; "></div></div><table class="metadata mbox-small" style="font-size: 11px; clear: right; float: right; margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 1em; width: 238px; line-height: 1.25em; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); "><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.9em; text-align: center; "><div class="center" style="width: 50px; "><div class="floatnone" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" width="50" height="50" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; " /></div></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.9em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.9em; width: 220px; line-height: 1.1em; "><div class="haudio"><div class="fn" style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madhusudan_samadhi.ogg" title="File:Madhusudan samadhi.ogg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Recitation Of Madhusudan Dutta's Samadhi In Bengali</a></div><div><div id="ogg_player_1"><div><button title="Play sound" style="width: 220px; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/w/extensions-1.18/OggHandler/play.png" width="22" height="22" alt="Play sound" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></button></div></div></div><div class="description" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">A 33 second sample recitation of poetry Samadhi</div></div><hr style="height: 1px; color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; "></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.9em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.9em; width: 282px; line-height: 1.1em; "><span style="font-size: smaller; "><i>Problems listening to this file? See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" title="Wikipedia:Media help" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">media help</a>.</i></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Madhusudan died in Calcutta General Hospital on 27 June 1873 three days after death of Henrietta. Just three days prior to his death, Madhusudan recited a passage from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare" title="Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Macbeth</a> to his dear friend Gour, to express his deepest conviction of life:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">...out, out, brief candle!<br /><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Life's but a walking shadow; a poor player,<br />That struts and frets his hour upon the stage,<br />And then is heard no more; it is a tale Told by an idiot,<br />full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.</p></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br /></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">(Macbeth)<br /></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Gour responded with a passage from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Longfellow</a>:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">Tell me not in mournful numbers,<br /><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Life is but an empty dream.<br />Life is real! Life is earnest!<br />And the grave is not its goal.</p></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">After Dutt's death, he was not paid a proper tribute for fifteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[7]</a></sup> The belated tribute took the form of a shabby makeshift tomb. Madhusudan's life was a mixture of joy and sorrow. Although it could be argued that the loss of self-control was largely responsible for his pitiable fate, his over-flowing poetic originality for joy was to become forever immortalized in his oeuvre.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">His epitaph, a verse of his own, reads:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">Stop a while, traveller!<br /><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Should Mother Bengal claim thee for her son.<br />As a child takes repose on his mother's elysian lap,<br />Even so here in the Long Home,<br />On the bosom of the earth,<br />Enjoys the sweet eternal sleep<br />Poet Madhusudan of the Duttas.</p></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">In the words of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a>, the father of modern Bengali prose, the poet of <i>Meghnad Badh Kabya</i> thus:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">...to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer" title="Homer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Homer</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Milton</a>, as well as to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Valmiki</a>, he is largely indebted, and his poem is on the whole the most valuable work in modern Bengali literature.</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">In word of Tagore:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">The Epic Meghnad-Badh is really a rare treasure in Bengali literature. Through his writings, the richness of Bengali literature has been proclaimed to the wide world.</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Vidyasagar's lofty praise runs:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">Meghnad Badh is a supreme poem.</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Rabindranath Tagore</a> would later declare:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">It was a momentous day for Bengali literature to proclaim the message of the universal muse and not exclusively its own parochial note. The genius of Bengal secured a place in the wide world overpassing the length and breadth of Bengal. And Bengali poetry reached the highest status.</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">In Byron's dramatic poem <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred" title="Manfred" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Manfred</a></i> what the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Abbot</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Maurice" title="St. Maurice" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">St. Maurice</a> spoke of Manfred can equally be applied to the life of Madhusudan:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">This should have been a noble creature: he<br /><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Hath all the energy which should have made<br />A goodly frame of glorious elements,<br />Had they been wisely mingled, as it is,<br />It is an awful chaos light and darkness<br />And mind and dust and passion and pure thoughts<br />Mixed and contending without end or order,<br />All dormant or destructive.</p></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br /></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">In the words of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Sri Aurobindo</a>:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">All the stormiest passions of man's soul he [Madhusudan] expressed in gigantic language.</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 13px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Major works" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span></h2>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-7311552883810846832011-11-09T19:29:00.000+05:302011-11-09T19:32:17.326+05:30Rabindranath Tagore<div><br /></div><div><div class="metadata topicon" id="protected-icon" style="position: absolute; top: -2em; margin-right: -10px; display: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); right: 55px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" width="20" height="20" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: 237px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div style="margin-top: 1px; margin-right: 1px; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 1px; width: 227px; "><div class="thumbimage" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagore3.jpg" class="image" title="Tagore c. 1915, the year he was knighted by George V." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="Late-middle-aged bearded man in white robes looks to the left with serene composure." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tagore3.jpg/225px-Tagore3.jpg" width="225" height="303" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; clear: left; "><center>Tagore c. 1915, the year he was knighted by<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="George V of the United Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">George V</a>.</center></div></div><div style="margin-top: 1px; margin-right: 1px; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 1px; width: 227px; "><div class="thumbimage" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabindranath_Tagore_Signature.svg" class="image" title="Signature in Bengali script." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="Close-up on a Bengali word handwritten with angular, jaunty letters." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rabindranath_Tagore_Signature.svg/225px-Rabindranath_Tagore_Signature.svg.png" width="225" height="60" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; clear: left; "><center>Signature in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bengali script</a>.</center></div></div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><b>Rabindranath Tagore</b><sup id="ref_.CE.B1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">α[›]</a></sup><sup id="ref_.CE.B2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">β[›]</a></sup> (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941),<sup id="ref_.CE.B3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">γ[›]</a></sup> sobriquet <b>Gurudev</b>,<sup id="ref_.CE.B4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">δ[›]</a></sup> was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_people" title="Bengali people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bengali</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">polymath</a> who reshaped his region's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">literature</a> and<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">music</a>. Author of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanjali" title="Gitanjali" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Gitanjali</a></i> and its "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation_0-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[1]</a></sup> he became the first non-European Nobel laureate by earning the 1913<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Prize in Literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO.27Connell2008_1-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO.27Connell2008-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[2]</a></sup> In translation his poetry was viewed as spiritual and mercurial; his seemingly mesmeric persona, floccose locks, and empyreal garb garnered him a prophet-like aura in the West. His "elegant prose and magical poetry" remain largely unknown outside Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1997_2-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1997-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[3]</a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirali_Brahmin" title="Pirali Brahmin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Pirali Brahmin</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDatta20022_3-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDatta20022-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKripalani2005a6.E2.80.938_4-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripalani2005a6.E2.80.938-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKripalani2005b2.E2.80.933_5-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKripalani2005b2.E2.80.933-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson192612_6-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson192612-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[7]</a></sup> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Kolkata</a>, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagore1984xii_7-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagore1984xii-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[8]</a></sup> At age sixteen, he cheekily released <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C4%81nusi%E1%B9%83ha_%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81kurer_Pa%E1%B8%8D%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Bhānusiṃha Ṭhākurer Paḍāvalī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">his first substantial poems</a> under the pseudonym <i>Bhānusiṃha</i> ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by the region's literary grandees as long-lost classics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson192627.E2.80.9328_8-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson192627.E2.80.9328-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199320_9-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199320-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[10]</a></sup> He graduated to his first short stories and dramas—and the aegis of his birth name—by 1877. As a humanist, universalist internationalist, and strident anti-nationalist he denounced the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Raj</a> and advocated for independence from Britain. As an exponent of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bengal Renaissance</a> he advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy endures also in the institution he founded, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Visva-Bharati University</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore modernised Bengali art by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures. His novels, stories, songs, dance-dramas, and essays spoke to topics political and personal. <i>Gitanjali</i> (<i>Song Offerings</i>), <i>Gora</i> (<i>Fair-Faced</i>), and <i>Ghare-Baire</i> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Home_and_the_World" title="The Home and the World" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">The Home and the World</a></i>) are his best-known works, and his verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, colloquialism, naturalism, and unnatural contemplation. He penned two national anthems: the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Republic of India</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Gana_Mana" title="Jana Gana Mana" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Jana Gana Mana</a></i> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bangladesh</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Shonar_Bangla" title="Amar Shonar Bangla" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Amar Shonar Bangla</a></i>.</p><table id="toc" class="toc" style="font-size: 12px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; "><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center; "><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; font-size: 12px; display: inline; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; ">Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px; "> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#" class="internal" id="togglelink" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">hide</a>] </span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Early_life_.281861.E2.80.931878.29" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life (1861–1878)</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Shelaidaha_.281878.E2.80.931901.29" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Shelaidaha (1878–1901)</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Santiniketan_.281901.E2.80.931932.29" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Santiniketan (1901–1932)</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Twilight_years_.281932.E2.80.931941.29" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Twilight years (1932–1941)</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Travels" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Travels</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Works" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Works</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; "><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Music_and_art" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Music and art</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Theatre" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Theatre</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Novels" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Novels</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Stories" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Stories</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Poetry" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Poetry</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Politics" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Politics</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Impact" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Impact</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#List_of_works" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">List of works</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; "><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Original" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Original</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Translated" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Translated</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Timeline" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Timeline</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Notes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Citations" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#References" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; "><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Primary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">13.1</span> <span class="toctext">Primary</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Secondary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">13.2</span> <span class="toctext">Secondary</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Texts" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">13.3</span> <span class="toctext">Texts</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Further_reading" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_.281861.E2.80.931878.29">Early life (1861–1878)</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_life_of_Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Early life of Rabindranath Tagore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Early life of Rabindranath Tagore</a></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">The youngest of thirteen surviving children, Tagore was born in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorasanko_Thakur_Bari" title="Jorasanko Thakur Bari" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Jorasanko mansion</a> in Calcutta to parents <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Debendranath Tagore</a> (1817–1905) and Sarada Devi (1830–1875).<sup id="ref_.CE.B5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ε[›]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199537_10-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199537-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[11]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagore_family" title="Tagore family" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Tagore family</a>patriarchs were the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmo" title="Brahmo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Brahmo</a> founders of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_Dharm" title="Adi Dharm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Adi Dharm</a> faith. The fabulously loyalist "Prince" <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Dwarkanath Tagore</a>, with his European estate managers and his serial visits with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Victoria</a> and other occidental royals, was his paternal grandfather; Dwarkanath's ancestors hailed from the village of Pithabhog in modern-day Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_News_Today2011_11-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_News_Today2011-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[12]</a></sup> Debendranath had formulated the Brahmoist philosophies espoused by his friend <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Ram Mohan Roy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ram Mohan Roy</a>, and became focal in Brahmo society after Roy's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy197728.E2.80.9330_12-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy197728.E2.80.9330-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson19978.E2.80.939_13-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson19978.E2.80.939-13" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[14]</a></sup></p><div class="quotebox" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); float: left; clear: left; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; width: 231px; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 11px; "><div style="position: relative; text-align: left; "><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 2em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The last two days a storm has been raging, similar to the description in my song—<i>Jhauro jhauro borishe baridhara</i> [... amidst it] a hapless, homeless man drenched from top to toe standing on the roof of his steamer [...] the last two days I have been singing this song over and over [...] as a result the pelting sound of the intense rain, the wail of the wind, the sound of the heaving Gorai [R]iver, have assumed a fresh life and found a new language and I have felt like a major actor in this new musical drama unfolding before me.</p></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; color: gray; ">“</div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; color: gray; ">”</div></div><div style="text-align: left; ">— Letter to Indira Devi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh2011_14-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh2011-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[15]</a></sup></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">"Rabi" was raised mostly by servants; his mother had died in his early childhood and his father travelled widely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson192620_15-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson192620-15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[16]</a></sup> His home hosted the publication of literary magazines; theatre and recitals of both Bengali and Western classical music featured there regularly, as the Jorasanko Tagores were the center of a large and art-loving social group. Tagore's oldest brother <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwijendranath_Tagore" title="Dwijendranath Tagore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Dwijendranath</a> was a respected philosopher and poet. Another brother, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Satyendranath</a>, was the first Indian appointed to the elite and formerly all-European <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Indian Civil Service</a>. Yet another brother, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotirindranath_Tagore" title="Jyotirindranath Tagore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Jyotirindranath</a>, was a musician, composer, and playwright.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson199710_16-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson199710-16" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[17]</a></sup> His sister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarnakumari_Devi" title="Swarnakumari Devi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Swarnakumari</a> became a novelist. Jyotirindranath's wife <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadambari_Devi" title="Kadambari Devi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Kadambari</a>, slightly older than Tagore, was a dear friend and powerful influence. Her abrupt suicide in 1884 left him for years profoundly distraught.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore largely avoided classroom schooling and preferred to roam the manor or nearby <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolpur" title="Bolpur" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bolpur</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panihati" title="Panihati" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Panihati</a>, idylls which the family visited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson192621.E2.80.9324_17-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson192621.E2.80.9324-17" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[18]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDas2009_18-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDas2009-18" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[19]</a></sup> His brother Hemendranath tutored and physically conditioned him—by having him swim the Ganges or trek through hills, by gymnastics, and by practicing judo and wrestling. He learned drawing, anatomy, geography and history, literature, mathematics, Sanskrit, and English—his least favorite subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199548.E2.80.9349_19-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199548.E2.80.9349-19" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[20]</a></sup> Tagore loathed formal education—his scholarly travails at the local <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Presidency College</a> spanned a single day. Years later he held that proper teaching does not explain things; proper teaching stokes curiosity:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199550_20-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199550-20" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[21]</a></sup></p><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabi16Gaganendra.JPG" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="Charcoal sketch of a left-facing young man with cropped black hair." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rabi16Gaganendra.JPG/170px-Rabi16Gaganendra.JPG" width="170" height="243" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabi16Gaganendra.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Sketch by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaganendranath_Tagore" title="Gaganendranath Tagore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Gaganendranath Tagore</a> of Rabi in 1877, the year of the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C4%81nusi%E1%B9%83ha_%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81kurer_Pa%E1%B8%8D%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Bhānusiṃha Ṭhākurer Paḍāvalī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">"Bhānusiṃha" poem</a>.</div></div></div><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">[It] knock[s] at the doors of the mind. If any boy is asked to give an account of what is awakened in him by such knocking, he will probably say something silly. For what happens within is much bigger than what comes out in words. Those who pin their faith on university examinations as the test of education take no account of this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199550_20-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199550-20" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[21]</a></sup></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">His <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanayanam" title="Upanayanam" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">upanayan</a></i> initiation at age eleven augured a pivotal trip; in February 1873 he decamped with his father for a months-long tour of the outer Raj. They visited his father's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiniketan" title="Santiniketan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Santiniketan</a> estate and rested in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Amritsar</a> en route to the Himalayan Dhauladhars. Their destination was the remote hill station at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhousie,_India" title="Dalhousie, India" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Dalhousie</a>. Along the way Tagore read biographies; his stridently learned father tutored him in history, astronomy, other modern sciences, and Sanskrit declensions. He read biographies of<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Benjamin Franklin</a> and others; they shared <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Edward Gibbon</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i>; and together they examined the poetry of<span class="Unicode" style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Free Sans', 'Gentium Plus', 'Gentium Basic', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', 'Free Serif', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Bitstream CyberBase', 'Doulos SIL', Code2000, Code2001; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81lid%C4%81sa" title="Kālidāsa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Kālidāsa</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199554.E2.80.9355_21-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199554.E2.80.9355-21" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[22]</a></sup> In mid-April they reached the station, and at 2,300 metres (7,546 ft) they settled into a house atop Bakrota Hill. Tagore was arrested by the region's deep green gorges, its alpine forests, and its mossy streams and waterfalls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199555_22-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199555-22" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[23]</a></sup> Through the months a frigid regime attended him: daily twilights spent bathing in icy dawn water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199555.E2.80.9356_23-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199555.E2.80.9356-23" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreStewartTwichell200391_24-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreStewartTwichell200391-24" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[25]</a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">He survived them, returned to Jorosanko, and wrote: he completed a set of major works by 1877, one a jokingly long poem in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Maithili</a> style of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Vidyapati</a>. Published pseudonymously, the relevant experts accepted them as the lost works of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C4%81nusi%E1%B9%83ha_%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81kurer_Pa%E1%B8%8D%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Bhānusiṃha Ṭhākurer Paḍāvalī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bhānusiṃha</a>, a newly discovered<sup id="ref_.CE.B6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ζ[›]</a></sup> 17th-century <span class="Unicode" style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Free Sans', 'Gentium Plus', 'Gentium Basic', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', 'Free Serif', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Bitstream CyberBase', 'Doulos SIL', Code2000, Code2001; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Vaiṣṇava</a></span> poet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreStewartTwichell20033_25-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreStewartTwichell20033-25" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[26]</a></sup> He debuted the short-story genre in Bengali with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196145_26-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196145-26" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson1997265_27-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson1997265-27" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[28]</a></sup> and his <i>Sandhya Sangit</i> (1882) includes the famous poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of the Waterfall"). Servants subjected him to an almost ludic regimentation in a phase he later dryly reviled as the "servocracy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson199746.E2.80.9347_28-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson199746.E2.80.9347-28" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[29]</a></sup> His head was serially water-dunked—to quiet him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson199747_29-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson199747-29" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[30]</a></sup> He refused food to irk servants; he was confined to chalk circles in puerile parody of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita" title="Sita" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Sita</a>'s forest trial in the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ramayana</a></i>; and he was regaled with the horrifically heroic and vituperative exploits of Bengal's outlaw-<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacoity" title="Dacoity" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">dacoits</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson199747.E2.80.9348_30-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson199747.E2.80.9348-30" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[31]</a></sup> Because the Jorasanko manor was in an area of north Calcutta rife with poverty and prostitution,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199535_31-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199535-31" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[32]</a></sup> he was forbidden to leave it for any purpose other than traveling to school. In reaction he became infatuated with the world outside and nature. Of his 1873 visit to Santiniketan he wrote:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">What I could not see did not take me long to get over—what I did see was quite enough. There was no servant rule, and the only ring which encircled me was the blue of the horizon, drawn around these [sylvan] solitudes by their presiding goddess. Within this I was free to move about as I chose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199553.E2.80.9354_32-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199553.E2.80.9354-32" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[33]</a></sup></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Shelaidaha_.281878.E2.80.931901.29">Shelaidaha (1878–1901)</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabindranath-Tagore-Mrinalini-Devi-1883.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Rabindranath-Tagore-Mrinalini-Devi-1883.jpg" width="170" height="226" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabindranath-Tagore-Mrinalini-Devi-1883.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Rabindranath Tagore circa 1883 with wife Mrinalini Devi from a Pirali Brahmin clan which some Tagores regularly married into</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Debendranath fancied his son a prospective barrister, and so in 1878 Rabi took up studies at a public school in Brighton, East Sussex, England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh2011_14-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh2011-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[15]</a></sup> He stayed for some months at a house that the Tagore family owned near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Brighton</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hove" title="Hove" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Hove</a>, in Medina Villas; in 1877 his nephew and niece—Suren and Indira Devi, the children of Tagore's brother <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Satyendranath</a>—were sent together with their mother, Tagore's sister-in-law, to live with him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199568_33-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199568-33" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[34]</a></sup> He briefly read law at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">University College London</a>, but again left school and took up freelance bardolatry: study of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Shakespeare's plays" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Shakespeare</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religio_Medici" title="Religio Medici" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Religio Medici</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolanus" title="Coriolanus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Coriolanus</a></i>, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Antony and Cleopatra" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i>. The raucous raillery of English, Irish, and Scottish folk tunes impressed Tagore, whose own tradition of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidhu_Babu" title="Nidhu Babu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Nidhubabu</a>-authored <i>kirtans</i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tappa" title="Tappa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">tappas</a></i> and Brahmo hymnody was quite chaste.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh2011_14-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh2011-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson192631_34-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson192631-34" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[35]</a></sup> In 1880 he returned to Bengal degree-less; he resolved to hence reconcile European novelty with Brahmo traditions, taking the best from each.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson199711.E2.80.9312_35-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson199711.E2.80.9312-35" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[36]</a></sup> In 1883 he married Mrinalini Devi, born Bhabatarini, 1873–1902; they had five children, two of whom died in childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995373_36-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995373-36" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[37]</a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">In 1890 Tagore began managing his vast ancestral estates in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelaidaha" title="Shelaidaha" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Shelaidaha</a> region of Bangladesh; he was joined by his wife and children in 1898. Tagore released his<i>Manasi</i> poems (1890), among his best-known work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200910_37-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200910-37" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[38]</a></sup> As <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Zamindar</a> Babu</i>, Tagore criss-crossed the riverine holdings in command of the <i>Padma</i>, the luxurious family barge. He was a friendly feudalist who collected mostly token rents; he would bless villagers and in turn was subjected to their impromptu honorary banquets—occasionally of dried rice and sour milk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995109.E2.80.93111_38-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995109.E2.80.93111-38" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[39]</a></sup> This period from 1891 to 1895, Tagore's <i>Sadhana</i> period, after one of Tagore's magazines, was his most fecund;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompson192620_15-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson192620-15" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[16]</a></sup> in these years he wrote more than half the stories of the three-volume, 84-story <i>Galpaguchchha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196145_26-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196145-26" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[27]</a></sup> Its ironic and grave tales savoured the voluptuous poverty and characterised an idealised conception of rural life in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995109_39-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995109-39" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[40]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Santiniketan_.281901.E2.80.931932.29">Santiniketan (1901–1932)</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_years_of_Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Middle years of Rabindranath Tagore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Middle years of Rabindranath Tagore</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabindranath_Tagore_Hampstead_England_1912.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of a bearded middle-aged man dressed in dark robes. He is seated on the floor of an elegantly appointed room and is in front of a plush sofa; he gazes fixedly away to the right, away from the camera." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1a/Rabindranath_Tagore_Hampstead_England_1912.jpg/170px-Rabindranath_Tagore_Hampstead_England_1912.jpg" width="170" height="236" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabindranath_Tagore_Hampstead_England_1912.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Photo by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rothenstein" title="John Rothenstein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">John Rothenstein</a>, Hampstead, 1912.</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">In 1901 Tagore moved to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiniketan" title="Santiniketan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Santiniketan</a> to found an <i><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ashram" class="extiw" title="wikt:ashram" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ashram</a></i> with a marble-floored prayer hall—<i>The <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mandir" class="extiw" title="wikt:Mandir" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Mandir</a></i>—an experimental school, groves of trees, gardens, a library.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995133_40-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995133-40" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[41]</a></sup> There his wife and two of his children died. His father died in 1905. He received monthly payments as part of his inheritance and income from the Maharaja of Tripura, sales of his family's jewelry, his seaside bungalow in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puri" title="Puri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Puri</a>, and a derisory <img alt="INR" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg/7px-Indian_Rupee_symbol.svg.png" width="7" height="10" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: baseline; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; " />2,000 in book royalties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995139.E2.80.93140_41-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995139.E2.80.93140-41" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[42]</a></sup> He gained Bengali and foreign readers alike; he published <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naivedya" title="Naivedya" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Naivedya</a></i> (1901) and <i>Kheya</i> (1906) and translated poems into free verse. In November 1913, Tagore learned he had won that year's Nobel Prize in Literature: the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Swedish Academy</a> appreciated the idealistic—and for Westerners—accessible nature of a small body of his translated material focussed on the 1912 <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanjali" title="Gitanjali" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Gitanjali</a>: Song Offerings</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHj.C3.A4rne1913_42-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHj.C3.A4rne1913-42" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[43]</a></sup> In 1915, the British Crown granted Tagore a knighthood. He renounced it after the 1919 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Knight_Elmhirst" title="Leonard Knight Elmhirst" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Leonard Elmhirst</a> set up the "Institute for Rural Reconstruction", later renamed Shriniketan or "Abode of Welfare", in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surul" title="Surul" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Surul</a>, a village near the <i>ashram</i>. With it, Tagore sought to moderate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Gandhi's</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Swaraj</a></i> protests, which he occasionally blamed for British India's perceived mental—and thus ultimately colonial—decline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995239.E2.80.93240_43-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995239.E2.80.93240-43" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[44]</a></sup> He sought aid from donors, officials, and scholars worldwide to "free village[s] from the shackles of helplessness and ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995242_44-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995242-44" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995308.E2.80.93309_45-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995308.E2.80.93309-45" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[46]</a></sup> In the early 1930s he targeted ambient "abnormal caste consciousness" and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">untouchability</a>. He lectured against these, he penned <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Dalit</a>heroes for his poems and his dramas, and he campaigned—successfully—to open <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruvayoor_Temple" title="Guruvayoor Temple" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Guruvayoor Temple</a> to Dalits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995303_46-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995303-46" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995309_47-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995309-47" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[48]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Twilight_years_.281932.E2.80.931941.29">Twilight years (1932–1941)</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter_life_of_Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Latter life of Rabindranath Tagore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Latter life of Rabindranath Tagore</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-01073,_Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="An old bearded man garbed in a dark mantle is reading from a slim book perched in his hands. He is sitting at a dark-toned desk cleared of everything but a neat stack of papers at left; in the background is a light-coloured curtain." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-01073%2C_Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-01073%2C_Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg" width="170" height="248" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-01073,_Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>In Berlin, 1930.</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore's itinerary as the "peripatetic litterateur" affirmed his opinion that human divisions were shallow. During a May 1932 visit to a Bedouin encampment in the Iraqi desert, the tribal chief told him that "Our prophet has said that a true Muslim is he by whose words and deeds not the least of his brother-men may ever come to any harm ..." Tagore confided in his diary: "I was startled into recognizing in his words the voice of essential humanity."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995317_48-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995317-48" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[49]</a></sup> To the end Tagore scrutinised orthodoxy—and in 1934, he struck. That year, an earthquake hit Bihar and killed thousands. Gandhi hailed it as seismic <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">karma</a></i>, as divine retribution avenging the oppression of Dalits. Tagore rebuked him for his seemingly ignominious inferences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995312.E2.80.93313_49-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995312.E2.80.93313-49" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[50]</a></sup> He mourned the perennial poverty of Calcutta and the rising tide of militant mediocrity—social, cultural, architectural—in Bengal. He detailed these newly plebeian aesthetics in an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose technique of searing double-vision foreshadowed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Satyajit Ray</a>'s film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apur_Sansar_(The_World_of_Apu)" title="Apur Sansar (The World of Apu)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Apur Sansar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995335.E2.80.93338_50-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995335.E2.80.93338-50" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[51]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995342_51-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995342-51" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[52]</a></sup> Fifteen new volumes appeared, among them prose-poem works <i>Punashcha</i> (1932), <i>Shes Saptak</i> (1935), and<i>Patraput</i> (1936). Experimentation continued in his prose-songs and dance-dramas: <i>Chitra</i> (1914), <i>Shyama</i> (1939), and <i>Chandalika</i> (1938); and in his novels: <i>Dui Bon</i>(1933), <i>Malancha</i> (1934), and <i>Char Adhyay</i> (1934).</p><div class="quotebox" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); float: left; clear: left; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; width: 231px; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 11px; "><div style="position: relative; text-align: left; "><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 2em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Clouds come floating into my life, no longer to carry rain or usher storm, but to add color to my sunset sky.</p></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; color: gray; ">“</div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; color: gray; ">”</div></div><div style="text-align: left; ">—Verse 292, <i>Stray Birds</i>, 1916.</div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore's remit expanded to science in his last years, as hinted in <i>Visva-Parichay</i>, 1937 collection of essays. His respect for scientific laws and his exploration of biology, physics, and astronomy informed his poetry, which exhibited extensive naturalism and verisimilitude.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreRadice200428_52-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreRadice200428-52" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[53]</a></sup> He wove the <i>process</i> of science, the narratives of scientists, into stories in <i>Se</i> (1937),<i>Tin Sangi</i> (1940), and <i>Galpasalpa</i> (1941). His last five years were marked by chronic pain and two long periods of illness. These began when Tagore lost consciousness in late 1937; he remained comatose and near death for a time. This was followed in late 1940 by a similar spell. He never recovered. Poetry from these valetudinary years is among his finest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995338_53-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995338-53" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIndo-Asian_News_Service2005_54-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndo-Asian_News_Service2005-54" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[55]</a></sup> A period of prolonged agony ended with Tagore's death on 7 August 1941, aged eighty; he was in an upstairs room of the Jorasanko mansion he was raised in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995367_55-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995367-55" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[56]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995363_56-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995363-56" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[57]</a></sup> The date is still mourned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Daily_Star2009_57-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Daily_Star2009-57" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[58]</a></sup> A. K. Sen, brother of the first chief election commissioner, received dictation from Tagore on 30 July 1941, a day prior to a scheduled operation: his last poem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESigi200689_58-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTESigi200689-58" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[59]</a></sup></p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">I'm lost in the middle of my birthday. I want my friends, their touch, with the earth's last love. I will take life's final offering, I will take the human's last blessing. Today my sack is empty. I have given completely whatever I had to give. In return if I receive anything—some love, some forgiveness—then I will take it with me when I step on the boat that crosses to the festival of the wordless end.</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Travels">Travels</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagore_Iran.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="Group shot of dozens of people assembled at the entrance of an imposing building; two columns in view. All subjects face the camera. All but two are dressed in lounge suits: a woman at front-center wears light-coloured Persian garb; the man to her left, first row, wears a white beard and dark-coloured oriental cap and robes." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tagore_Iran.jpg/170px-Tagore_Iran.jpg" width="170" height="119" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagore_Iran.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>At the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" title="Majlis of Iran" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Majlis</a>, Tehran, 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlickr2006_59-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlickr2006-59" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[60]</a></sup></div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Between 1878 and 1932 Tagore set foot in more than thirty countries on five continents;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995374.E2.80.93376_60-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995374.E2.80.93376-60" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[61]</a></sup> these trips acquainted foreigners with his works and his polemics. In 1912 he took a sheaf of his translated works to England, where they impressed missionary and Gandhi protégé <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_F._Andrews" title="Charles F. Andrews" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Charles F. Andrews</a>, Irish poet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" title="William Butler Yeats" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">William Butler Yeats</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bridges" title="Robert Bridges" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Robert Bridges</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rhys" title="Ernest Rhys" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ernest Rhys</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sturge_Moore" title="Thomas Sturge Moore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Thomas Sturge Moore</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995178.E2.80.93179_61-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995178.E2.80.93179-61" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[62]</a></sup> Yeats wrote the preface to the English translation of <i>Gitanjali</i>; Andrews joined Tagore at Santiniketan. In November 1912 Tagore began touring the United States<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign_62-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign-62" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[63]</a></sup> and the United Kingdom, staying in Butterton, Staffordshire with Andrews's clergymen friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty19611.E2.80.932_63-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty19611.E2.80.932-63" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[64]</a></sup> From May 1916 until April 1917, he lectured in Japan and the United States<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995206_64-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995206-64" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[65]</a></sup> and denounced nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoganPandit200356.E2.80.9358_65-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoganPandit200356.E2.80.9358-65" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[66]</a></sup> His essay "Nationalism in India" was scorned and praised; it was admired by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Romain Rolland</a> and other pacifists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty1961182_66-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty1961182-66" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[67]</a></sup></p><div class="quotebox" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); float: left; clear: left; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; width: 231px; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 11px; "><div style="position: relative; text-align: left; "><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 2em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Our passions and desires are unruly, but our character subdues these elements into a harmonious whole. Does something similar to this happen in the physical world? Are the elements rebellious, dynamic with individual impulse? And is there a principle in the physical world which dominates them and puts them into an orderly organization?</p></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; color: gray; ">“</div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; color: gray; ">”</div></div><div style="text-align: left; ">— Interviewed by Einstein, 14 April 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagore1930222.E2.80.93225_67-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagore1930222.E2.80.93225-67" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[68]</a></sup></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Shortly after returning home the 63-year-old Tagore accepted an invitation from the Peruvian government. He travelled to Mexico. Each government pledged <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">US$</span>100,000 to his school to commemorate the visits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995253_68-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995253-68" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[69]</a></sup> A week after his 6 November 1924 arrival in Buenos Aires,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995256_69-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995256-69" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[70]</a></sup> an ill Tagore shifted to the Villa Miralrío at the behest of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Ocampo" title="Victoria Ocampo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Victoria Ocampo</a>. He left for home in January 1925. In May 1926 Tagore reached Naples; the next day he met <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Mussolini</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995267_70-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995267-70" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[71]</a></sup> Their warm rapport ebbed when Tagore pronounced upon <i>Il Duce'</i>s fascist finesse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995270.E2.80.93271_71-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995270.E2.80.93271-71" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[72]</a></sup> He had earlier enthused: "[w]ithout any doubt he is a great personality. There is such a massive vigour in that head that it reminds one of Michael Angelo’s chisel." A "fire-bath" of fascism was to have educed "the immortal soul of Italy ... clothed in quenchless light".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKundu2009_72-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKundu2009-72" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[73]</a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">On 14 July 1927 Tagore banded with two companions to embark on a four-month tour of Southeast Asia: Bali, Java, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang and Siam, Singapore. The resultant travelogues compose <i>Jatri</i> (1929).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty19611_73-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty19611-73" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[74]</a></sup> In early 1930 he left Bengal for a nearly year-long tour of Europe and the United States. Upon returning to Britain—and as his paintings exhibited in Paris and London—he lodged at a Birmingham Quaker settlement. He wrote his Oxford<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibbert_Lectures" title="Hibbert Lectures" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Hibbert Lectures</a><sup id="ref_.CE.B9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ι[›]</a></sup> and spoke at the annual London Quaker meet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995289.E2.80.93292_74-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995289.E2.80.93292-74" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[75]</a></sup> There, addressing relations between the British and the Indians—a topic he would tackle obsessively over the next two years—Tagore spoke of a brooding "dark chasm of aloofness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995303.E2.80.93304_75-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995303.E2.80.93304-75" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[76]</a></sup> He visited <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Aga Khan III</a>, stayed at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartington_Hall" title="Dartington Hall" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Dartington Hall</a>, toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany from June to mid-September 1930, then went on into the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995292.E2.80.93293_76-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995292.E2.80.93293-76" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[77]</a></sup> In April 1932 Tagore, captivated by the legends and works of the Persian mystic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Hafez</a>, was hosted by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah_Pahlavi" title="Reza Shah Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty19612_77-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty19612-77" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[78]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995315_78-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995315-78" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[79]</a></sup> The well-heeled Tagore chatted with certain persons: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Henri Bergson</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Robert Frost</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">George Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.G._Wells" title="H.G. Wells" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">H.G. Wells</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Romain Rolland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouth_Asian_Women.27s_Forum_79-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouth_Asian_Women.27s_Forum-79" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196199_80-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196199-80" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty1961100.E2.80.93103_81-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty1961100.E2.80.93103-81" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[82]</a></sup>Persia and Iraq (in 1932) and Sri Lanka (in 1933) were Tagore's final foreign sojourns, and his views on the fissiparous freedoms afforded by communalism and nationalism only deepened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995317_48-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995317-48" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[49]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Works">Works</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_of_Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Works of Rabindranath Tagore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Works of Rabindranath Tagore</a></div><table align="right" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; "><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><img alt="A painting, dominated by angry or fiery strokes of red and orange, of a stylised depiction of (from bottom) feet and legs, a woman's dress, a bust, and a head partly obscured by wavy tapering lines—arms—reaching upward. The figure is alive with motion; a mostly brown background behind." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Rabindranath_Tagore_Untitled_Dacing_Girl.jpg/170px-Rabindranath_Tagore_Untitled_Dacing_Girl.jpg" width="170" height="258" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabindranath_Tagore_Untitled_Dacing_Girl.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Girl_(Rabindranath_Tagore)" title="Dancing Girl (Rabindranath Tagore)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">"Dancing Girl"</a>, undated oil-on-canvas.</div></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align: top; "><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabindranath_Tagore_Ra-Tha_seal_initials.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="Black-and-white close-up photograph of a piece of wood boldly painted in unmixed solid strokes of black and white in a stylised semblance to "ro" and "tho" from the Bengali syllabary." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rabindranath_Tagore_Ra-Tha_seal_initials.jpg/170px-Rabindranath_Tagore_Ra-Tha_seal_initials.jpg" width="170" height="274" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabindranath_Tagore_Ra-Tha_seal_initials.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Tagore's Bengali-language initials are worked into this "Ro-Tho" wooden seal, stylistically similar to designs used in traditional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Haida</a> carvings. Tagore embellished his manuscripts with such art.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2001_82-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2001-82" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[83]</a></sup></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Known mostly for his poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, and thousands of songs. Of Tagore's prose, his short stories are perhaps most highly regarded; he is indeed credited with originating the Bengali-language version of the genre. His works are frequently noted for their rhythmic, optimistic, and lyrical nature. Such stories mostly borrow from deceptively simple subject matter: commoners. Tagore's non-fiction grappled chthonic history, linguistics, and uttermost spirituality. He wrote autobiographies. His travelogues, essays, and lectures were compiled into several volumes, including <i>Europe Jatrir Patro</i> (<i>Letters from Europe</i>) and <i>Manusher Dhormo</i> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Religion_of_Man" title="The Religion of Man" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">The Religion of Man</a></i>). His brief chat with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Einstein</a>, "Note on the Nature of Reality", is included as an appendix to the latter. On the occasion of Tagore's 150th birthday an anthology (titled <i>Kalanukromik Rabindra Rachanabali</i>) of the total body of his works is currently being published in Bengali in chronological order. This includes all versions of each work and fills about eighty volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPandey2011_83-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPandey2011-83" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[84]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Music_and_art">Music and art</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore composed 2,230 songs and was a prolific painter. His songs compose <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">rabindrasangit</a></i> ("Tagore Song"), which merges fluidly into his literature, most of which—poems or parts of novels, stories, or plays alike—were lyricised. Influenced by the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumri" title="Thumri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">thumri</a></i>style of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Hindustani music</a>, they ran the entire gamut of human emotion, ranging from his early dirge-like Brahmo devotional hymns to quasi-erotic compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson199794_84-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson199794-84" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[85]</a></sup> They emulated the tonal color of classical <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raga" title="Raga" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ragas</a></i> to varying extents. Some songs mimicked a given raga's melody and rhythm faithfully; others newly blended elements of different <i>ragas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta2001_85-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta2001-85" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[86]</a></sup> Yet about nine-tenths of his work was not <i>bhanga gaan</i>, the body of tunes revamped with "fresh value" from select Western, Hindustani, Bengali folk and other regional flavours "external" to Tagore's own ancestral bequest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh2011_14-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh2011-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[15]</a></sup> In gauging the emotive force and range of <i>ragas</i>, he was rapt:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">[...] the pathos of the <i>purabi raga</i> reminded Tagore of the evening tears of a lonely widow, while <i>kanara</i> was the confused realization of a nocturnal wanderer who had lost his way. In <i>bhupali</i> he seemed to hear a voice in the wind saying 'stop and come hither'.<i>Paraj</i> conveyed to him the deep slumber that overtook one at night’s end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh2011_14-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh2011-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[15]</a></sup></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-right: 30px; "><p class="cquotecite" style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; "><cite style="font-style: normal; ">—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba_Som" title="Reba Som" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Reba Som</a>, <i>Rabindranath Tagore: The Singer and His Song</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESom201038_86-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTESom201038-86" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[87]</a></sup></cite></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore influenced <i>sitar</i> maestro <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayat_Khan" title="Vilayat Khan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Vilayat Khan</a> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarod" title="Sarod" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">sarodiyas</a></i> Buddhadev Dasgupta and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amjad_Ali_Khan" title="Amjad Ali Khan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Amjad Ali Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta2001_85-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta2001-85" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[86]</a></sup> His songs are immensely popular and undergird the Bengali ethos to an extent perhaps rivaling Shakespeare's impact on the English-speaking world. It is said that his songs are the outcome of five centuries of Bengali literary churning and communal yearning. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhan_Gopal_Mukerji" title="Dhan Gopal Mukerji" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Dhan Gopal Mukerji</a> has said that these songs transcend the mundane to the aesthetic and express all ranges and categories of human emotion. The poet gave voice to all—big or small, rich or poor. The poor Ganges boatman and the rich landlord air their emotions in them. They birthed a distinctive school of music whose practitioners can be fiercely traditional: novel interpretations have drawn severe censure in both West Bengal and Bangladesh.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">For Bengalis, the songs' appeal, stemming from the combination of emotive strength and beauty described as surpassing even Tagore's poetry, was such that the <i>Modern Review</i> observed that "[t]here is in Bengal no cultured home where Rabindranath's songs are not sung or at least attempted to be sung ... Even illiterate villagers sing his songs". <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Strangways" title="Arthur Strangways" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Arthur Strangways</a> of <i>The Observer</i> introduced non-Bengalis to <i>rabindrasangit</i> in <i>The Music of Hindostan</i>, calling it a "vehicle of a personality ... [that] go behind this or that system of music to that beauty of sound which all systems put out their hands to seize."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson1997359_87-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson1997359-87" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[88]</a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">In 1971, <i>Amar Shonar Bangla</i> became the national anthem of Bangladesh. It was written—ironically—to protest the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_Partition_of_Bengal" title="1905 Partition of Bengal" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1905 Partition of Bengal</a> along communal lines: lopping Muslim-majority East Bengal from Hindu-dominated West Bengal was to avert the region's pyrolatrous demise. Tagore saw the partition as a ploy to upend the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">independence movement</a>, and he aimed to rekindle Bengali unity and tar communalism. <i>Jana Gana Mana</i> was written in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadhu-bhasha" title="Shadhu-bhasha" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">shadhu-bhasha</a></i>, a Sanskritised register of Bengali, and is the first of five stanzas of a Brahmo hymn that Tagore composed. It was first sung in 1911 at a Calcutta session of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Indian National Congress</a> and was adopted in 1950 by the Constituent Assembly of the Republic of India as its national anthem.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">At sixty, Tagore took up drawing and painting; successful exhibitions of his many works—which made a debut appearance in Paris upon encouragement by artists he met in the south of France<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson1997222_88-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson1997222-88" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[89]</a></sup>—were held throughout Europe. He was likely red-green <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protanopia" title="Protanopia" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">color blind</a>. The result: his hale paintings betrayed fey colour schemes and off-beat aesthetics. Tagore limned scrimshaw from northern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ireland_(island)" title="New Ireland (island)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">New Ireland</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Haida</a> carvings from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">British Columbia</a>, and woodcuts by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Pechstein" title="Max Pechstein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Max Pechstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyson2001_82-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyson2001-82" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[83]</a></sup> His artist's eye for his handwriting were revealed in the simple artistic and rhythmic leitmotifs embellishing the scribbles, cross-outs, and word layouts of his manuscripts. Certain of Tagore's song lyrics corresponded with particular paintings in a sort of sensuous synaesthesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh2011_14-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh2011-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[15]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Theatre">Theatre</span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valmiki_Pratibha_Indira_Devi_%26_Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Valmiki_Pratibha_Indira_Devi_%26_Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg/170px-Valmiki_Pratibha_Indira_Devi_%26_Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg" width="170" height="111" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valmiki_Pratibha_Indira_Devi_%26_Rabindranath_Tagore.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>With niece Indira Devi in<i>Valmiki Pratibha</i>, 1881.</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">At sixteen, Tagore led his brother Jyotirindranath's adaptation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Molière</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Bourgeois_Gentilhomme" title="Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELago197715_89-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTELago197715-89" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[90]</a></sup> At twenty he wrote his first drama-opera: <i>Valmiki Pratibha</i>(<i>The Genius of Valmiki</i>). In it the glory-bound pandit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Valmiki</a> repudiates sin, is blessed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Saraswati</a>, and compiles his summative fable: the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Rāmāyana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty1961123_90-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty1961123-90" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[91]</a></sup> Through it Tagore vigorously explores a wide range of dramatic styles and emotions, including usage of revamped <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">kirtans</a></i> and adaptation of traditional English and Irish folk melodies as drinking songs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199579.E2.80.9380_91-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199579.E2.80.9380-91" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[92]</a></sup> Another play, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post_Office_(play)" title="The Post Office (play)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Dak Ghar</a></i> (<i>The Post Office</i>), describes the child Amal defying his stuffy and puerile confines by ultimately "fall[ing] asleep", hinting his physical death. A story with borderless appeal—gleaning rave reviews in Europe—<i>Dak Ghar</i> dealt with death as, in Tagore's words, "spiritual freedom" from "the world of hoarded wealth and certified creeds".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson199721.E2.80.9323_92-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson199721.E2.80.9323-92" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[93]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty1961123.E2.80.93124_93-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty1961123.E2.80.93124-93" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[94]</a></sup> In the Nazi-besieged <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Warsaw Ghetto</a>, Polish doctor-educator <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Korczak" title="Janusz Korczak" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Janusz Korczak</a> had orphans in his care stage <i>The Post Office</i> in July 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiftonWiesel1997321_94-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiftonWiesel1997321-94" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[95]</a></sup> In <i>The King of Children</i>, biographer Betty Jean Lifton suspected that Korczak, agonising over whether one should determine when and how to die, was easing the children into accepting death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiftonWiesel1997416.E2.80.93417_95-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiftonWiesel1997416.E2.80.93417-95" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[96]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiftonWiesel1997318.E2.80.93321_96-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiftonWiesel1997318.E2.80.93321-96" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiftonWiesel1997385.E2.80.93386_97-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiftonWiesel1997385.E2.80.93386-97" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[98]</a></sup> In mid-October, their Nazi caretakers sent them to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Treblinka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiftonWiesel1997349_98-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiftonWiesel1997349-98" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[99]</a></sup></p><div class="quotebox" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); float: left; clear: left; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; width: 231px; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 11px; "><div style="position: relative; text-align: left; "><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 2em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">[I]n days long gone by [...] I can see [...] the King's postman coming down the hillside alone, a lantern in his left hand and on his back a bag of letters climbing down for ever so long, for days and nights, and where at the foot of the mountain the waterfall becomes a stream he takes to the footpath on the bank and walks on through the rye; then comes the sugarcane field and he disappears into the narrow lane cutting through the tall stems of sugarcanes; then he reaches the open meadow where the cricket chirps and where there is not a single man to be seen, only the snipe wagging their tails and poking at the mud with their bills. I can feel him coming nearer and nearer and my heart becomes glad.</p></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; color: gray; ">“</div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; color: gray; ">”</div></div><div style="text-align: left; ">— Amal in <i>The Post Office</i>, 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreMukerjea191468_99-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreMukerjea191468-99" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[100]</a></sup></div></div><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">[...] but the meaning is less intellectual, more emotional and simple. The deliverance sought and won by the dying child is the same deliverance which rose before his imagination, [...] when once in the early dawn he heard, amid the noise of a crowd returning from some festival, this line out of an old village song, "Ferryman, take me to the other shore of the river." It may come at any moment of life, though the child discovers it in death, for it always comes at the moment when the "I", seeking no longer for gains that cannot be "assimilated with its spirit", is able to say, "All my work is thine" [...].<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreMukerjea1914v.E2.80.93vi_100-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreMukerjea1914v.E2.80.93vi-100" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[101]</a></sup></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-right: 28px; "><p class="cquotecite" style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; "><cite style="font-style: normal; ">—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">W. B. Yeats</a>, Preface, <i>The Post Office</i>, 1914.</cite></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">His other works fuse lyrical flow and emotional rhythm into a tight focus on a core idea, a break from prior Bengali drama. Tagore sought "the play of feeling and not of action". In 1890 he released what is regarded as his finest drama: <i>Visarjan</i> (<i>Sacrifice</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty1961123_90-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty1961123-90" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[91]</a></sup> It is a thanatological and thespianised rendition of<i>Rajarshi</i>, an earlier novella of his. "A forthright denunciation of a meaningless [and] cruel superstitious rite[s]",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyyub198048_101-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyyub198048-101" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[102]</a></sup> the Bengali originals feature intricate subplots and prolonged monologues giving play to historical events in seventeenth-century Udaipur. The Maharaja of Tripura, himself of spiritual bent, is pitted against the primeval ukases and sanguinary piety staged by the head priest Raghupati. His latter dramas probed themes more philosophical and allegorical in nature; these included <i>Dak Ghar</i>. Another is Tagore's <i>Chandalika</i> (<i>Untouchable Girl</i>), which was modeled on an ancient Buddhist legend describing how <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda" title="Ananda" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ananda</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Gautama Buddha</a>'s disciple, asks water of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">tribal</a> girl.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty1961124_102-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty1961124-102" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[103]</a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><i>Raktakarabi</i> ("Red" or "Blood Oleanders") features a curtained and kingly kleptocrat who regally bilks the anthropoid simulacra of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Yaksha</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur_(Vedic)" title="Pur (Vedic)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">puri</a></i>—benumbed by alcohol and numbered in nomenclature—via coerced gold mining. The naive maiden-heroine Nandini dotingly rallies her subject-compatriots to ultimately baffle the avarice of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">sardar</a>-nomenklatura</i>—with the roused <i>raja'</i>s own belated help. Skirting the "good-vs-evil" trope, the work pits a vital and joyous lèse majesté against a necrotic, monotonous fealty of a vacuous varletry, a microcosmic and allegorical cockfight akin to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Animal Farm</a></i> or <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Gulliver's Travels</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay2007147.E2.80.93148_103-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay2007147.E2.80.93148-103" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[104]</a></sup>As ever, the lithe and sublime Bengali original, prized at home, long failed to spawn a "free and comprehensible" translation, and its archaic and sonorous didacticism earned few plaudits abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO.27Connell2008_1-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO.27Connell2008-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[2]</a></sup><i>Chitrangada</i>, <i>Chandalika</i>, and <i>Shyama</i> are other key plays that have dance-drama adaptations: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></i>.</p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Novels">Novels</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, among them <i>Chaturanga</i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shesher_Kobita" title="Shesher Kobita" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Shesher Kobita</a></i>, <i>Char Odhay</i>, and <i>Noukadubi</i>. <i>Ghare Baire</i> (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Home_and_the_World" title="The Home and the World" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">The Home and the World</a></i>)—through the lens of the idealistic <i>zamindar</i>protagonist Nikhil—repudiates the ravening frog-march of nativism, terrorism, and religious querulousness among less reputable segments of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><i>Swadeshi</i> movement</a>. A frank expression of Tagore's conflicted sentiments, it calved off a 1914 bout of depression. The novel ends in grody Hindu-Muslim interplay and Nikhil's likely mortal capital wounding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995192.E2.80.93194_104-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995192.E2.80.93194-104" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[105]</a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><i>Gora</i>, championed by many Bengali critics as his finest tale, raises controversies regarding connate identity and its ultimate fungibility. As with <i>Ghare Baire</i> matters of self-identity (<i><span class="Unicode" style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Free Sans', 'Gentium Plus', 'Gentium Basic', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', 'Free Serif', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Bitstream CyberBase', 'Doulos SIL', Code2000, Code2001; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">jāti</a></span></i>), personal freedom, and religion are lividly vivisected and contextualised solely by family and romance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995154.E2.80.93155_105-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995154.E2.80.93155-105" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[106]</a></sup> In it an Irish boy orphaned in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepoy_Mutiny" title="Sepoy Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Sepoy Mutiny</a> is raised by Hindus as the titular "whitey". Ignorant of his foreign provenance he fixedly castigates religious backsliders out of love for the autochthons and solidarity with them against his hegemon-compatriots. The cultural castaway falls for a Brahmo girl, compelling his worried foster father to reveal his distant origins and admonish his nativist zeal. As a "true dialectic" evincing "arguments for and against strict traditionalism", it tackles the colonial conundrum by "portray[ing] the value of all positions within a particular frame [...] not only syncretism, not only liberal orthodoxy, but the extremest reactionary traditionalism he defends by an appeal to what humans share." Among these Tagore highlights "identity [...] conceived of as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">dharma</a>.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogan2000213.E2.80.93214_106-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogan2000213.E2.80.93214-106" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[107]</a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">In <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogajog" title="Jogajog" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Jogajog</a></i> (<i>Relationships</i>), the heroine Kumudini—bound by the ideals of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aiva" title="Śiva" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Śiva</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshayani" title="Dakshayani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Sati</a></i>, exemplified by <span class="Unicode" style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Free Sans', 'Gentium Plus', 'Gentium Basic', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', 'Free Serif', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Bitstream CyberBase', 'Doulos SIL', Code2000, Code2001; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshayani" title="Dakshayani" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Dākshāyani</a></span>—is torn between her pity for the sinking fortunes of her progressive and compassionate elder brother and his foil: her rakishly rebarbative roue of a husband. Tagore flaunts his feminist leanings; <i>pathos</i> depicts the plight and ultimate demise of women trapped by pregnancy, duty, and family honour; he simultaneously trucks with the pyrrhic putrescence of Bengal's preterite landed gentry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2004_107-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2004-107" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[108]</a></sup> The story revolves around the underlying rivalry between two families—the Chatterjees, aristocrats now on the decline (Biprodas) and the Ghosals (Madhusudan), representing new money and new arrogance. Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is caught between the two as she is married off to Madhusudan. She had risen in an observant and sheltered traditional home, as had all her female relations.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Others were uplifting: <i>Shesher Kobita</i>—translated twice as <i>Last Poem</i> and <i>Farewell Song</i>—is his most lyrical novel, with poems and rhythmic passages written by a poet protagonist. It contains elements of satire and postmodernism; stock characters gleefully attack the reputation of an old, outmoded, oppressively renowned poet who, incidentally, goes by the suitably dyspeptic name<i>Rabindranath Tagore</i>. Though his novels remain among the least-appreciated of his works, they have been given renewed attention via film adaptations by Ray and others: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokher_Bali_(film)" title="Chokher Bali (film)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Chokher Bali</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghare_Baire_(film)" title="Ghare Baire (film)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ghare Baire</a></i>are exemplary. In the first, Tagore fulminantly inscribes coeval Bengali society via its heroine: a rebellious widow who would live for herself alone. He pillories the custom of perpetual mourning on the part of widows, who were not allowed to remarry, who were consigned to seclusion and loneliness. It is of choleric melancholy, a stirring tale of deceit and sorrow arising from dissatisfaction and sorrow. Tagore wrote of it: "I have always regretted the ending".</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">The latter work illustrates Tagore's conflicted mind, between the ambiguous munificence of Western culture and line-item revolution against it. These moieties are portrayed in two of the main characters: Nikhil, who is rational and opposes violence; and Sandip, who as sumpter to his goals will not be stopped. These rivals are key in understanding the history of his region and its contemporary problems. There is much controversy over whether Tagore was representing Gandhi in Sandip. But many argue that Tagore would not even venture to personify Sandip as Gandhi because Tagore could—grudgingly—offer a sort of derogatory devotion to Gandhi's antiquarian ardor, and Gandhi was sententiously anti-violence while the libertine Sandip would employ violence—in any respect—to twin body and soul.</p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Stories">Stories</span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Hero_Illustration.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="Ink illustration of a tousled-haired boy seated outside and holding a lance-stick and playing with a wheeled red toy horse; in the background, a large blue palanquin and tackle with a carrying pole projecting out of it." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_Hero_Illustration.jpg/170px-The_Hero_Illustration.jpg" width="170" height="267" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Hero_Illustration.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Nandalal Bose</a> illustration for "The Hero", part of the 1913 Macmillan release of <i>The Crescent Moon</i>.</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore's three-volume <i>Galpaguchchha</i> comprises eighty-four stories that reflect upon the author's surroundings, on modern and fashionable ideas, and on mind puzzles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196145_26-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196145-26" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[27]</a></sup> Tagore associated his earliest stories, such as those of the "<i>Sadhana</i>" period, with an exuberance of vitality and spontaneity; these traits were cultivated by <i>zamindar</i> Tagore’s life Patisar, Shajadpur, Shelaidaha, and other villages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196145_26-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196145-26" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[27]</a></sup> Seeing the common and the poor, he examined their lives with a depth and feeling singular in Indian literature up to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196145.E2.80.9346_108-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196145.E2.80.9346-108" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[109]</a></sup> In "The Fruitseller from Kabul", Tagore speaks in first person as a town dweller and novelist imputing exotic perquisites to an Afghan seller. He channels the lucubrative lust of those mired in the blasé, nidorous, sudorific morass of subcontinental city life: for distant vistas. "There were autumn mornings, the time of year when kings of old went forth to conquest; and I, never stirring from my little corner in Calcutta, would let my mind wander over the whole world. At the very name of another country, my heart would go out to it [...] I would fall to weaving a network of dreams: the mountains, the glens, the forest [...]."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196148.E2.80.9349_109-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196148.E2.80.9349-109" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[110]</a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">The <i>Golpoguchchho</i> (<i>Bunch of Stories</i>) was written in Tagore's <i>Sabuj Patra</i> period, which spanned the years 1914–1917 and was named for another of his magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196145_26-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196145-26" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[27]</a></sup> These yarns are celebrated fare in Bengali fiction and provide much fodder for film and theatre. The Ray film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charulata" title="Charulata" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Charulata</a></i> echoed the controversial Tagore novella <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastanirh" title="Nastanirh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Nastanirh</a></i> (<i>The Broken Nest</i>). In <i>Atithi</i>, which was made into another film, the little Brahmin boy Tarapada shares a boat ride with a village <i>zamindar</i>. The boy relates his flight from home and his subsequent wanderings, as was his wont. Taking pity, the elder adopts him; he fixes the boy to marry his own daughter. The night before his wedding, Tarapada runs off—again. <i>Strir Patra</i> (<i>The Wife's Letter</i>) is an early treatise in female emancipation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay200759.E2.80.9360_110-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay200759.E2.80.9360-110" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[111]</a></sup> Mrinal is wife to a Bengali middle class man: prissy, preening, patriarchal. Travelling alone she writes a letter, which comprehends the story. She details the pettiness of a life spent entreating his viraginous virility; she resiles married life; she apostrophises, <i>Amio bachbo. Ei bachlum</i>: "And I shall live. Here, I live."</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haimanti" title="Haimanti" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Haimanti</a></i> assails Hindu arranged marriage and foregrounds their often dismal domesticity, the hypocrisies plaguing the Indian middle classes, and how Haimanti, a young woman, due to her insufferable sensitivity and free spirit, foredid herself. In the last passage Tagore blasts the reification of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita" title="Sita" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Sita</a>'s self-immolation attempt; she had meant to appease her consort <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" title="Rama" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Rama</a>'s doubts of her chastity. <i>Musalmani Didi</i> eyes recrudescent Hindu-Muslim tensions and, in many ways, embodies the essence of Tagore's humanism. The somewhat auto-referential <i>Darpaharan</i> describes a fey young man who harbours literary ambitions. Though he loves his wife, he wishes to stifle her literary career, deeming it unfeminine. In youth Tagore likely agreed with him. <i>Darpaharan</i> depicts the final humbling of the man as he ultimately acknowledges his wife's talents. As do many other Tagore stories, <i>Jibito o Mrito</i> equips Bengalis with a ubiquitous epigram: <i>Kadombini moriya proman korilo she more nai</i>—"Kadombini died, thereby proving that she hadn't."</p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Poetry">Poetry</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore's poetic style ranges from classical formalism to the comic, visionary, and ecstatic, yet proceeds from a lineage established by 15th- and 16th-century Vaishnava poets. His ken was the atavistic mysticism of the <i>rishi</i>-authors of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishad" title="Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Upanishads</a> <i>à la</i> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Vyasa</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bhakti</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Sufi</a> mystic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Kabir</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ramprasad Sen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy1977201_111-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy1977201-111" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[112]</a></sup> Tagore's most innovative and mature poetry embodies his exposure to Bengali rural folk music, which included mystic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baul" title="Baul" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Baul</a> ballads, and especially those of the bard <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalon" title="Lalon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Lalon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreStewartTwichell200394_112-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreStewartTwichell200394-112" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[113]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrban200118_113-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban200118-113" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[114]</a></sup> These, rediscovered and repopularised by Tagore, resemble 19th-century <span class="Unicode" style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Free Sans', 'Gentium Plus', 'Gentium Basic', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', 'Free Serif', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Bitstream CyberBase', 'Doulos SIL', Code2000, Code2001; ">Kartābhajā</span> hymns that emphasise inward divinity and rebellion against bourgeois <i>bhadralok</i> religious and social orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrban20016.E2.80.937_114-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban20016.E2.80.937-114" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrban200116_115-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban200116-115" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[116]</a></sup> During his Shelaidaha years, his poems took on a lyrical voice of the <i>moner manush</i>, the Bāuls' "man within the heart" and Tagore's “life force of his deep recesses", or meditating upon the <i>jeevan devata</i>, the demiurge, the "living God within".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh2011_14-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh2011-14" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[15]</a></sup> This figure connected with divinity through appeal to nature and the emotional interplay of human drama. Such tools saw use in his <span class="Unicode" style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Free Sans', 'Gentium Plus', 'Gentium Basic', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', 'Free Serif', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Bitstream CyberBase', 'Doulos SIL', Code2000, Code2001; ">Bhānusiṃha</span> poems chronicling the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha" title="Radha" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Radha</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Krishna</a> romance; they were revised repeatedly over the course of seventy years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreStewartTwichell200395_116-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreStewartTwichell200395-116" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[117]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreStewartTwichell20037_117-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreStewartTwichell20037-117" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[118]</a></sup></p><div class="quotebox" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); float: left; clear: left; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; width: 231px; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 11px; "><div style="position: relative; text-align: left; "><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 2em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The time that my journey takes is long and the way of it long.<br />I came out on the chariot of the first gleam of light, and pursued my voyage through the wildernesses of worlds leaving my track on many a star and planet.<br />It is the most distant course that comes nearest to thyself, and that training is the most intricate which leads to the utter simplicity of a tune.<br />The traveller has to knock at every alien door to come to his own, and one has to wander through all the outer worlds to reach the innermost shrine at the end.<br />My eyes strayed far and wide before I shut them and said 'Here art thou!'<br />The question and the cry 'Oh, where?' melt into tears of a thousand streams and deluge the world with the flood of the assurance 'I am!'<br /></p></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; color: gray; ">“</div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; color: gray; ">”</div></div><div style="text-align: left; ">— Song XII, <i>Gitanjali</i>, 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasadSarkar2008125_118-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasadSarkar2008125-118" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[119]</a></sup></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore reacted to the halfhearted uptake of modernist and realist techniques in Bengali literature by writing matching experimental works in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995281_119-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995281-119" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[120]</a></sup>These include <i>Africa</i> and <i>Camalia</i>, among the better known of his latter poems. He occasionally wrote poems using <i>Shadhu Bhasha</i>, a Sanskritised dialect of Bengali; he later adopted a more popular dialect known as <i>Cholti Bhasha</i>. Other works include <i>Manasi</i>, <i>Sonar Tori</i> (<i>Golden Boat</i>), <i>Balaka</i> (<i>Wild Geese</i>, a name redolent of migrating souls),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995192_120-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995192-120" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[121]</a></sup> and <i>Purobi</i>. <i>Sonar Tori'</i>s most famous poem, dealing with the fleeting endurance of life and achievement, goes by the same name; hauntingly it ends: <i>Shunno nodir tire rohinu poŗi / Jaha chhilo loe gêlo shonar tori</i>—"all I had achieved was carried off on the golden boat—only I was left behind." <i>Gitanjali</i> (<span lang="bn" lang="bn">গীতাঞ্জলি</span>) is Tagore's best-known collection internationally, earning him his Nobel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreStewartTwichell200395.E2.80.9396_121-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreStewartTwichell200395.E2.80.9396-121" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[122]</a></sup></p><table align="right" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; "><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagore_manuscript6_c.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="Tagore manuscript6 c.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tagore_manuscript6_c.jpg/170px-Tagore_manuscript6_c.jpg" width="170" height="242" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagore_manuscript6_c.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; "><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagore_handwriting_Bengali.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="Three-verse handwritten composition; each verse has original Bengali with English-language translation below: "My fancies are fireflies: specks of living light twinkling in the dark. The same voice murmurs in these desultory lines, which is born in wayside pansies letting hasty glances pass by. The butterfly does not count years but moments, and therefore has enough time."" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tagore_handwriting_Bengali.jpg/170px-Tagore_handwriting_Bengali.jpg" width="170" height="321" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagore_handwriting_Bengali.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Hungary, 1926.</div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Song VII of <i>Gitanjali</i>:</p><table style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><tbody><tr><td><div style="padding-left: 2em; font-size: 1.3em; "><center><div class="poem"><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">আমার এ গান ছেড়েছে তার<br />সকল অলংকার<br />তোমার কাছে রাখে নি আর<br />সাজের অহংকার।<br />অলংকার যে মাঝে প'ড়ে<br />মিলনেতে আড়াল করে,<br />তোমার কথা ঢাকে যে তার<br />মুখর ঝংকার।<br /><br />তোমার কাছে খাটে না মোর<br />কবির গরব করা-<br />মহাকবি, তোমার পায়ে<br />দিতে চাই যে ধরা।<br />জীবন লয়ে যতন করি<br />যদি সরল বাঁশি গড়ি,<br />আপন সুরে দিবে ভরি<br />সকল ছিদ্র তার।</p></div></center></div></td><td><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; "><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Amar e gan chheŗechhe tar shôkol ôlongkar</i></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Tomar kachhe rakhe ni ar shajer ôhongkar</i></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Ôlongkar je majhe pôŗe milônete aŗal kôre,</i></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Tomar kôtha đhake je tar mukhôro jhôngkar.</i></dd></dl><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br /></p><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; "><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Tomar kachhe khaţe na mor kobir gôrbo kôra,</i></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Môhakobi, tomar paee dite chai je dhôra.</i></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Jibon loe jôton kori jodi shôrol bãshi goŗi,</i></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Apon shure dibe bhori sôkol chhidro tar.</i></dd></dl></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore's free-verse translation:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">My song has put off her adornments.<br />She has no pride of dress and decoration.<br />Ornaments would mar our union; they would come<br />between thee and me; their jingling would drown thy whispers.<br />My poet's vanity dies in shame before thy sight.<br />O master poet, I have sat down at thy feet.<br />Only let me make my life simple and straight,<br />like a flute of reed for thee to fill with music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagore19525_122-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagore19525-122" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[123]</a></sup></p></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">"Klanti" (<span lang="bn" lang="bn">ক্লান্তি</span>; "Weariness"):</p><table style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><tbody><tr><td><div style="padding-left: 2em; font-size: 1.3em; "><div class="poem"><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">ক্লান্তি আমার ক্ষমা করো প্রভু,<br /> পথে যদি পিছিয়ে পড়ি কভু॥<br /> এই-যে হিয়া থরোথরো কাঁপে আজি এমনতরো<br />এই বেদনা ক্ষমা করো, ক্ষমা করো, ক্ষমা করো প্রভু॥<br /> এই দীনতা ক্ষমা করো প্রভু,<br /> পিছন-পানে তাকাই যদি কভু।<br /> দিনের তাপে রৌদ্রজ্বালায় শুকায় মালা পূজার থালায়,<br />সেই ম্লানতা ক্ষমা করো, ক্ষমা করো, ক্ষমা করো প্রভু॥</p></div></div></td><td><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; "><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Klanti amar khôma kôro probhu,</i></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Pôthe jodi pichhie poŗi kobhu.</i></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Ei je hia thôro thôro kãpe aji êmontôro,</i></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Ei bedona khôma kôro khôma kôro probhu.</i></dd></dl><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br /></p><dl style="margin-top: 0.2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; "><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Ei dinota khôma kôro probhu,</i></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Pichhon-pane takai jodi kobhu.</i></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Diner tape roudrojalae shukae mala pujar thalae,</i></dd><dd style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Shei mlanota khôma kôro khôma kôro, probhu.</i></dd></dl></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Gloss by Tagore scholar <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba_Som" title="Reba Som" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Reba Som</a>:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Forgive me my weariness O Lord<br />Should I ever lag behind<br />For this heart that this day trembles so<br />And for this pain, forgive me, forgive me, O Lord<br />For this weakness, forgive me O Lord,<br />If perchance I cast a look behind<br />And in the day's heat and under the burning sun<br />The garland on the platter of offering wilts,<br />For its dull pallor, forgive me, forgive me O Lord.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreAlamChakravarty2011323_123-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreAlamChakravarty2011323-123" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[124]</a></sup></p></td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore's poetry has been set to music by composers: Arthur Shepherd's triptych for soprano and string quartet, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Zemlinsky" title="Alexander Zemlinsky" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Alexander Zemlinsky</a>'s famous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_Symphony_(Zemlinsky)" title="Lyric Symphony (Zemlinsky)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Lyric Symphony</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Bohuslav_Foerster" title="Josef Bohuslav Foerster" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Josef Bohuslav Foerster</a>'s cycle of love songs, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Leoš Janáček</a>'s famous chorus "Potulný šílenec" ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wandering_Madman" title="The Wandering Madman" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">The Wandering Madman</a>") for soprano, tenor, baritone, and male chorus—JW 4/43—inspired by Tagore's 1922 lecture in Czechoslovakia which Janáček attended, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Schyman" title="Garry Schyman" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Garry Schyman</a>'s "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_of_Life" title="Stream of Life" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Praan</a>", an adaptation of Tagore's poem "Stream of Life" from <i>Gitanjali</i>. The latter was composed and recorded with vocals by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palbasha_Siddique" title="Palbasha Siddique" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Palbasha Siddique</a> to accompany Internet celebrity <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Harding" title="Matt Harding" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Matt Harding</a>'s 2008 viral video.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2008_124-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2008-124" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[125]</a></sup> In 1917 his words were translated adeptly and set to music by Anglo-Dutch composer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hageman" title="Richard Hageman" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Richard Hageman</a> to produce a highly regarded art song: "Do Not Go, My Love". The second movement of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Harvey_(composer)" title="Jonathan Harvey (composer)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Jonathan Harvey</a>'s "One Evening" (1994) sets an excerpt beginning "As I was watching the sunrise ..." from a letter of Tagore's, this composer having previously chosen a text by the poet for his piece "Song Offerings" (1985).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey199959.2C_90_125-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199959.2C_90-125" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[126]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore%27s_political_views" title="Rabindranath Tagore's political views" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Rabindranath Tagore's political views</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhi_and_Tagore_1920.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Gandhi_and_Tagore_1920.jpg/170px-Gandhi_and_Tagore_1920.jpg" width="170" height="181" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhi_and_Tagore_1920.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><i>Gurudev</i> and the <i><span class="Unicode" style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Free Sans', 'Gentium Plus', 'Gentium Basic', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', 'Free Serif', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Bitstream CyberBase', 'Doulos SIL', Code2000, Code2001; ">Mahãtmã</span></i>, Ahmedabad, 1920.</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore's political thought was tortured. He largely opposed imperialism and supported Indian nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson1997127_126-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson1997127-126" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[127]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson1997210_127-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson1997210-127" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995304_128-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995304-128" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[129]</a></sup> His views have their first poetic release in<i>Manast</i>, mostly composed in his twenties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott200910_37-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott200910-37" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[38]</a></sup> Evidence produced during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy_Trial" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial</a> and latter accounts affirm his awareness of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ghadarites</a>, and stated that he sought the support of Japanese Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terauchi_Masatake" title="Terauchi Masatake" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Terauchi Masatake</a> and former Premier <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ckuma_Shigenobu" title="Ōkuma Shigenobu" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ōkuma Shigenobu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1948306_129-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1948306-129" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[130]</a></sup> Yet he lampooned the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Swadeshi movement</a> as brahminised barbermongering and philosophical ordure; his muscular rebuke to it was "The Cult of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charkha" title="Charkha" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Charka</a>", an acrid 1925 essay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995261_130-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995261-130" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[131]</a></sup> He exhorted the masses to eschew calumnious victimological foppery and hew instead to self-help and mental uplift; he attributed the congenital presence of British grifters to a condign "political symptom of our social disease". He held that even for reprobate peons at a loose end "there can be no question of blind revolution"; he would that they took to a "steady and purposeful education".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson1997239.E2.80.93240_131-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson1997239.E2.80.93240-131" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[132]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty1961181_132-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty1961181-132" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[133]</a></sup></p><div class="quotebox" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); float: left; clear: left; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; width: 231px; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 11px; "><div style="position: relative; text-align: left; "><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 2em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">So I repeat we can never can have a true view of man unless we have a love for him. Civilisation must be judged and prized, not by the amount of power it has developed, but by how much it has evolved and given expression to, by its laws and institutions, the love of humanity.</p></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; color: gray; ">“</div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; color: gray; ">”</div></div><div style="text-align: left; ">— <i>Sādhanā: The Realisation of Life</i>, 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagore1916111_133-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagore1916111-133" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[134]</a></sup></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Such views enraged many. He escaped a ghastly assassination—and only narrowly—by Indian expatriates during his stay in a San Francisco hotel in late 1916; the plot failed when his would-be assassins fell into argument.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995204_134-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995204-134" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[135]</a></sup> Yet Tagore wrote songs lionizing the Indian independence movement and renounced his knighthood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995215.E2.80.93216_135-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995215.E2.80.93216-135" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[136]</a></sup> Two of Tagore's more politically charged compositions, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitto_Jetha_Bhayshunyo" title="Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo</a>" ("Where the Mind is Without Fear") and "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekla_Chalo_Re" title="Ekla Chalo Re" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ekla Chalo Re</a>" ("If They Answer Not to Thy Call, Walk Alone"), gained mass appeal, with the latter favoured by Gandhi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakrabortyBhattacharya2001157_136-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakrabortyBhattacharya2001157-136" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[137]</a></sup> Given to criticising certain aspects of Gandhian activism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehta1999_137-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta1999-137" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[138]</a></sup> Tagore was yet key in resolving a Gandhi-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ambedkar</a> dispute involving separate electorates for untouchables and thereby mooting at least one of Gandhi's fasts "unto death".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995306.E2.80.93307_138-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995306.E2.80.93307-138" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[139]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995339_139-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995339-139" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[140]</a></sup> Tagore retorted rote classroom schooling: in "The Parrot's Training", a bird is caged and force-fed textbook pages—to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson1997267_140-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreDuttaRobinson1997267-140" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[141]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagorePal2004_141-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagorePal2004-141" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[142]</a></sup> Tagore, visiting Santa Barbara in 1917, conceived a new type of university: he sought to "make Santiniketan the connecting thread between India and the world [and] a world center for the study of humanity somewhere beyond the limits of nation and geography."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995204_134-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995204-134" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[135]</a></sup> The school, which he named Visva-Bharati,<sup id="ref_.CE.B7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">η[›]</a></sup> had its foundation stone laid on 24 December 1918 and was inaugurated precisely three years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995220_142-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995220-142" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[143]</a></sup> Tagore employed a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">brahmacharya</a></i> system: <i>gurus</i> gave pupils personal guidance—emotional, intellectual, spiritual. Teaching was often done under trees. He staffed the school, he contributed his Nobel Prize monies,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy1977175_143-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy1977175-143" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[144]</a></sup> and his duties as steward-mentor at Santiniketan kept him busy: mornings he taught classes; afternoons and evenings he wrote the students' textbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196127_144-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreChakravarty196127-144" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[145]</a></sup> He fundraised widely for the school in Europe and the United States between 1919 and 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995221_145-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995221-145" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[146]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Impact">Impact</span></h2><table align="right" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; "><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dejvice,_Th%C3%A1kurova,_Th%C3%A1kurova_busta_(01).jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Dejvice%2C_Th%C3%A1kurova%2C_Th%C3%A1kurova_busta_%2801%29.jpg/170px-Dejvice%2C_Th%C3%A1kurova%2C_Th%C3%A1kurova_busta_%2801%29.jpg" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dejvice,_Th%C3%A1kurova,_Th%C3%A1kurova_busta_(01).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Thákurova ulice, Prague.</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; "><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balatonf%C3%BCred_Tagore_s%C3%A9t%C3%A1ny.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Balatonf%C3%BCred_Tagore_s%C3%A9t%C3%A1ny.jpg/170px-Balatonf%C3%BCred_Tagore_s%C3%A9t%C3%A1ny.jpg" width="170" height="128" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balatonf%C3%BCred_Tagore_s%C3%A9t%C3%A1ny.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div>Tagore-sétány, Balatonfüred.</div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore's relevance can be gauged by the honours paid him: <i>Kabipranam</i>, Tagore's birth anniversary; the annual Tagore Festival held in Urbana, Illinois; grueling<i>Rabindra Path Parikrama</i> walking pilgrimages from Calcutta to Santiniketan; austere recitals of Tagore's poetry held on important anniversaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign_62-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUniversity_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign-62" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakrabarti2001_146-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakrabarti2001-146" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[147]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatcher2001_147-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatcher2001-147" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[148]</a></sup> Bengali culture is fraught with this legacy: from language and arts to history and politics. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Amartya Sen</a> scantly deemed Tagore a "towering figure", a "deeply relevant and many-sided contemporary thinker".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatcher2001_147-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatcher2001-147" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[148]</a></sup> Tagore's Bengali source—the 1939 <i><span class="Unicode" style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Free Sans', 'Gentium Plus', 'Gentium Basic', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', 'Free Serif', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Bitstream CyberBase', 'Doulos SIL', Code2000, Code2001; ">Rabīndra Rachanāvalī</span></i>—is canonised as one of his nation's greatest cultural treasures, and he was roped into a reasonably humble role: "the greatest poet India has produced".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEK.C3.A4mpchen2003_148-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK.C3.A4mpchen2003-148" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[149]</a></sup></p><div class="quotebox" style="font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); float: left; clear: left; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 1.4em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; margin-left: 0px; width: 231px; padding-top: 6px; padding-right: 6px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 6px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 11px; "><div style="position: relative; text-align: left; "><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 2em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Who are you, reader, reading my poems an hundred years hence?<br />I cannot send you one single flower from this wealth of the spring, one single streak of gold from yonder clouds.<br />Open your doors and look abroad.<br />From your blossoming garden gather fragrant memories of the vanished flowers of an hundred years before.<br />In the joy of your heart may you feel the living joy that sang one spring morning, sending its glad voice across an hundred years.<br /></p></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; color: gray; ">“</div><div style="position: absolute; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; font-size: large; color: gray; ">”</div></div><div style="text-align: left; ">— <i>The Gardener</i>, 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreRay2007104_149-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreRay2007104-149" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[150]</a></sup></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore was famed throughout much of Europe, North America, and East Asia. He co-founded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartington_Hall_School" title="Dartington Hall School" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Dartington Hall School</a>, a progressive coeducational institution;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrell2000162_150-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell2000162-150" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[151]</a></sup> in Japan, he influenced such figures as Nobel laureate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Yasunari Kawabata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995202_151-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995202-151" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[152]</a></sup> Tagore's works were widely translated into English, Dutch, German, Spanish, and other European languages by Czech indologist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenc_Lesn%C3%BD" title="Vincenc Lesný" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Vincenc Lesný</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron2006_152-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron2006-152" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[153]</a></sup> French Nobel laureate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">André Gide</a>, Russian poet <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Anna Akhmatova</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen200690_153-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen200690-153" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[154]</a></sup> former Turkish Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bülent Ecevit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinzer2006_154-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinzer2006-154" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[155]</a></sup> and others. In the United States, Tagore's lecturing circuits, particularly those of 1916–1917, were widely attended and wildly acclaimed. Some controversies<sup id="ref_.CE.B8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">θ[›]</a></sup> involving Tagore, possibly fictive, trashed his popularity and sales in Japan and North America after the late 1920s, concluding with his "near total eclipse" outside Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1997_2-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1997-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[3]</a></sup> Yet a vestigial Latin reverence of Tagore was discovered by an astonished<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Salman Rushdie</a> during a trip to Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995255_155-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995255-155" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[156]</a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Via translations Tagore influenced Chileans <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Pablo Neruda</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Gabriela Mistral</a>, Mexican writer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Octavio Paz</a>, and Spaniards <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">José Ortega y Gasset</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenobia_Camprub%C3%AD" title="Zenobia Camprubí" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Zenobia Camprubí</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a>. In the years 1914–1922 the Jiménez-Camprubí pair wrought twenty-two Spanish translations of Tagore's English corpus; they heavily revised the <i>The Crescent Moon</i> and other key titles. In this years Jiménez contrived landmark "naked poetry".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995254.E2.80.93255_156-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995254.E2.80.93255-156" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[157]</a></sup> Ortega y Gasset wrote that "Tagore's wide appeal [owes to how] he speaks of longings for perfection that we all have [...] Tagore awakens a dormant sense of childish wonder, and he saturates the air with all kinds of enchanting promises for the reader, who [...] pays little attention to the deeper import of Oriental mysticism". Tagore's works circulated in free editions around 1920—alongside those of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" title="Plato" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Plato</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Dante</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Cervantes</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Goethe</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Tolstoy</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Tagore was deemed overrated by some. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Graham Greene</a> doubted that "anyone but Mr. Yeats can still take his poems very seriously." Several prominent Western admirers—including Pound and, to a lesser extent, even Yeats—foreswore Tagore's work. Yeats, disgusted with the scribbling colonial's irksome subliminal complexity and the seeming perennial mediocrity of his self-rendered English translations, railed against that "Damn Tagore [...] We got out three good books, Sturge Moore and I, and then, because he thought it more important to know English than to be a great poet, he brought out sentimental rubbish and wrecked his reputation. Tagore does not know English, no Indian knows English."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1997_2-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1997-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2001_157-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2001-157" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[158]</a></sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Radice" title="William Radice" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">William Radice</a>, who "English[ed]" his poems, asked: "What is their place in world literature?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreRadice200426_158-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreRadice200426-158" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[159]</a></sup> He saw him as "kind of counter-cultur[al]," bearing "a new kind of classicism" to heal the zetetic "collapsed romantic confusion and chaos of the 20th [c]entury."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2001_157-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharya2001-157" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[158]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreRadice200426.E2.80.9331_159-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreRadice200426.E2.80.9331-159" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[160]</a></sup> The translated Tagore was "almost nonsensical".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagoreRadice200418.E2.80.9319_160-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagoreRadice200418.E2.80.9319-160" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[161]</a></sup> His subpar English offerings thus eclipsed the seemingly peerless Bengali originals—and hence in part effaced his trans-national appeal:</p><table class="cquote" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; margin-top: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; border-collapse: collapse; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; "><tbody><tr><td width="20" valign="top" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">“</td><td valign="top" style="padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 10px; ">[...] anyone who knows Tagore's poems in their original Bengali cannot feel satisfied with any of the translations (made with or without Yeats's help). Even the translations of his prose works suffer, to some extent, from distortion. E.M. Forster noted [of] <i>The Home and the World</i> [that] "[t]he theme is so beautiful," but the charms have "vanished in translation," or perhaps "in an experiment that has not quite come off."</td><td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color: rgb(178, 183, 242); font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 10px; ">”</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding-right: 46px; "><p class="cquotecite" style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; "><cite style="font-style: normal; ">—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Amartya Sen</a>, "Tagore and His India".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1997_2-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1997-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[3]</a></sup></cite></p></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_works">List of works</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNLTR" title="SNLTR" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">SNLTR</a> hosts Tagore's complete Bengali works, as does <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tagoreweb.in/" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Tagore Web</a>, including annotated songs. Translations are found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/browse/authors/t#a942" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAFZJREFUeF59z4EJADEIQ1F36k7u5E7ZKXeUQPACJ3wK7UNokVxVk9kHnQH7bY9hbDyDhNXgjpRLqFlo4M2GgfyJHhjq8V4agfrgPQX3JtJQGbofmCHgA/nAKks+JAjFAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-right: 13px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Project Gutenberg</a> and <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Rabindranath_Tagore" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Rabindranath Tagore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Wikisource</a>. More sources are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#External_links" title="Rabindranath Tagore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">below</a>.</p><h3 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Original">Original</span></h3><table align="right" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; "><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Morning_Song_of_India_part1.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="The Morning Song of India part1.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/The_Morning_Song_of_India_part1.jpg/170px-The_Morning_Song_of_India_part1.jpg" width="170" height="113" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Morning_Song_of_India_part1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; "><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Morning_Song_of_India_part2.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/The_Morning_Song_of_India_part2.jpg/170px-The_Morning_Song_of_India_part2.jpg" width="170" height="167" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Morning_Song_of_India_part2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><i>The Morning Song of India.</i></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><hr style="height: 1px; color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><b>Bengali</b></p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="multicol" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; width: 867px; "><tbody><tr><td></td></tr><tr><th>Poetry</th></tr><tr><td>* ভানুসিংহ ঠাকুরের পদাবলী</td><td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C4%81nusi%E1%B9%83ha_%E1%B9%ACh%C4%81kurer_Pa%E1%B8%8D%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Bhānusiṃha Ṭhākurer Paḍāvalī" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bhānusiṃha Ṭhākurer Paḍāvalī</a></i></td><td>(<i>Songs of Bhānusiṃha Ṭhākur</i>)</td><td>1884</td></tr><tr><td>* মানসী</td><td><i>Manasi</i></td><td>(<i>The Ideal One</i>)</td><td>1890</td></tr><tr><td>* সোনার তরী</td><td><i>Sonar Tari</i></td><td>(<i>The Golden Boat</i>)</td><td>1894</td></tr><tr><td>* গীতাঞ্জলি</td><td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanjali" title="Gitanjali" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Gitanjali</a></i></td><td>(<i>Song Offerings</i>)</td><td>1910</td></tr><tr><td>* গীতিমাল্য</td><td><i>Gitimalya</i></td><td>(<i>Wreath of Songs</i>)</td><td>1914</td></tr><tr><td>* বলাকা</td><td><i>Balaka</i></td><td>(<i>The Flight of Cranes</i>)</td><td>1916</td></tr><tr><th>Dramas</th></tr><tr><td>* বাল্মিকী প্রতিভা</td><td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valmiki-Pratibha" title="Valmiki-Pratibha" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Valmiki-Pratibha</a></i></td><td>(<i>The Genius of Valmiki</i>)</td><td>1881</td></tr><tr><td>* বিসর্জন</td><td><i>Visarjan</i></td><td>(<i>The Sacrifice</i>)</td><td>1890</td></tr><tr><td>* রাজা</td><td><i>Raja</i></td><td>(<i>The King of the Dark Chamber</i>)</td><td>1910</td></tr><tr><td>* ডাকঘর</td><td><i>Dak Ghar</i></td><td>(<i>The Post Office</i>)</td><td>1912</td></tr><tr><td>* অচলায়তন</td><td><i>Achalayatan</i></td><td>(<i>The Immovable</i>)</td><td>1912</td></tr><tr><td>* মুক্তধারা</td><td><i>Muktadhara</i></td><td>(<i>The Waterfall</i>)</td><td>1922</td></tr><tr><td>* রক্তকরবী</td><td><i>Raktakaravi</i></td><td>(<i>Red Oleanders</i>)</td><td>1926</td></tr><tr><th>Fiction</th></tr><tr><td>* নষ্টনীড়</td><td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastanirh" title="Nastanirh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Nastanirh</a></i></td><td>(<i>The Broken Nest</i>)</td><td>1901</td></tr><tr><td>* গোরা</td><td><i>Gora</i></td><td>(<i>Fair-Faced</i>)</td><td>1910</td></tr><tr><td>* ঘরে বাইরে</td><td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghare_Baire" title="Ghare Baire" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ghare Baire</a></i></td><td>(<i>The Home and the World</i>)</td><td>1916</td></tr><tr><td>* যোগাযোগ</td><td><i>Yogayog</i></td><td>(<i>Crosscurrents</i>)</td><td>1929</td></tr><tr><th>Memoirs</th></tr><tr><td>* জীবনস্মৃতি</td><td><i>Jivansmriti</i></td><td>(<i>My Reminiscences</i>)</td><td>1912</td></tr><tr><td>* ছেলেবেলা</td><td><i>Chhelebela</i></td><td>(<i>My Boyhood Days</i>)</td><td>1940</td></tr></tbody></table><table style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table><hr style="height: 1px; color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><b>English</b></p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="multicol" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; width: 578px; "><tbody><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Thought Relics</i></td><td>1921<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-161" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[original 1]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table><h3 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 17px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Translated">Translated</span></h3><table align="right" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; "><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jorasanko_Thakur_Bari.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="A brick-red mansion in the background, shaded by a row of large trees; in the foreground, a manicured lawn with a perimeter of trimmed round bushes." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jorasanko_Thakur_Bari.jpg/170px-Jorasanko_Thakur_Bari.jpg" width="170" height="128" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jorasanko_Thakur_Bari.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorasanko_Thakur_Bari" title="Jorasanko Thakur Bari" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Jorasanko Thakur Bari</a>.</i></div></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align: top; "><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagore_Kuthibari.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="A large three-story white concrete mansion with burnt sienna trimmings and a second-floor balcony set amid landscaped gardens and palm trees under a blue sky." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tagore_Kuthibari.jpg/170px-Tagore_Kuthibari.jpg" width="170" height="128" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagore_Kuthibari.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div><i>Shelaidaha Kuthibari</i>, Kushtia,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bangladesh</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td style="vertical-align: top; "><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_room,_Jorasanko_Mansion,_Kolkata,_India.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="Interior room, Jorasanko Mansion, Kolkata, India.jpg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Interior_room%2C_Jorasanko_Mansion%2C_Kolkata%2C_India.jpg/170px-Interior_room%2C_Jorasanko_Mansion%2C_Kolkata%2C_India.jpg" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_room,_Jorasanko_Mansion,_Kolkata,_India.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div></div></div></div></td><td style="vertical-align: top; "><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: auto; background-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 172px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robi_Kuthibari0015.JPG" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="Robi Kuthibari0015.JPG" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Robi_Kuthibari0015.JPG/170px-Robi_Kuthibari0015.JPG" width="170" height="128" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); " /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robi_Kuthibari0015.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; " /></a></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><hr style="height: 1px; color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><b>English</b></p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="multicol" style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; width: 578px; "><tbody><tr><td></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Chitra</i></td><td>1914<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-162" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Creative Unity</i></td><td>1922<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-163" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>The Crescent Moon</i></td><td>1913<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-164" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 3]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>The Cycle of Spring</i></td><td>1919<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-165" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 4]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Fireflies</i></td><td>1928</td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Fruit-Gathering</i></td><td>1916<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-166" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 5]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>The Fugitive</i></td><td>1921<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-167" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 6]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>The Gardener</i></td><td>1913<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-168" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 7]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Gitanjali: Song Offerings</i></td><td>1912<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-169" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 8]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Glimpses of Bengal</i></td><td>1991<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-170" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 9]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>The Home and the World</i></td><td>1985<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-171" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 10]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>The Hungry Stones</i></td><td>1916<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-172" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 11]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>I Won't Let you Go: Selected Poems</i></td><td>1991</td></tr><tr><td>* <i>The King of the Dark Chamber</i></td><td>1914<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-173" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 12]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>The Lover of God</i></td><td>2003</td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Mashi</i></td><td>1918<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-174" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 13]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>My Boyhood Days</i></td><td>1943</td></tr><tr><td>* <i>My Reminiscences</i></td><td>1991<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-175" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 14]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Nationalism</i></td><td>1991</td></tr><tr><td>* <i>The Post Office</i></td><td>1914<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-176" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 15]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Sadhana: The Realisation of Life</i></td><td>1916<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-177" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 16]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Selected Letters</i></td><td>1997</td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Selected Poems</i></td><td>1994</td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Selected Short Stories</i></td><td>1991</td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Songs of Kabir</i></td><td>1915<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-178" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 17]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>The Spirit of Japan</i></td><td>1916<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-179" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 18]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Stories from Tagore</i></td><td>1918<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-180" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 19]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td>* <i>Stray Birds</i></td><td>1916<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-181" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[text 20]</a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><tbody><tr><td></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Timeline">Timeline</span></h2><div class="NavFrame" id="NavFrame1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 12px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); clear: both; width: 415px; "><div class="NavHead" style="height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color: white; position: relative; background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><b>Timeline of Rabindranath Tagore's life (1861-1941)</b><a class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; position: absolute; top: 0px; right: 3px; font-weight: normal; font-size: 11px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[hide]</a></div><div class="NavContent"><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><map name="timeline_3cabb10308d967133f3dff7157b61b5d" id="timeline_3cabb10308d967133f3dff7157b61b5d"></map><img usemap="#timeline_3cabb10308d967133f3dff7157b61b5d" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/3cabb10308d967133f3dff7157b61b5d.png" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; " /></p></div></div><h2 style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 19px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1.3em; width: 313px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><div style="float: left; margin-top: 1px; margin-right: 1px; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 1px; width: 174px; "><div class="thumbimage" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabindranath_Tagore_monument_inscription_in_Gordon_Square.jpg" class="image" title="Gordon Square, London." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rabindranath_Tagore_monument_inscription_in_Gordon_Square.jpg/172px-Rabindranath_Tagore_monument_inscription_in_Gordon_Square.jpg" width="172" height="193" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; clear: left; "><center>Gordon Square, London.</center></div></div><div style="float: left; margin-top: 1px; margin-right: 1px; margin-bottom: 1px; margin-left: 1px; width: 127px; "><div class="thumbimage" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagore_on_Gandhi.jpg" class="image" title="Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tagore_on_Gandhi.jpg/125px-Tagore_on_Gandhi.jpg" width="125" height="193" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align: left; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 11px; clear: left; "><center>Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai.</center></div></div></div></div><div class="refbegin" style="font-size: 12px; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAUAAAANCAMAAABW4lS6AAAAGXRFWHRTb2Z0d2FyZQBBZG9iZSBJbWFnZVJlYWR5ccllPAAAAAZQTFRFAFKM////QIUK9QAAAAJ0Uk5T/wDltzBKAAAAGklEQVR42mJgBAEGokgGBjBGBxBxsBqAAAMACHwALd5r8ygAAAAASUVORK5CYII=); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><span id="cnote_.CE.B1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#ref_.CE.B1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b></span> <b>α:</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bengali</a>: <span lang="bn" lang="bn">রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর</span>,<br /><small>pronounced </small><span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', 'DejaVu Sans', Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode'; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA" title="Wikipedia:IPA" style="text-decoration: none !important; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[ɾobind̪ɾonat̪ʰ ʈʰakuɾ]</a></span><small> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabindranath_audio.ogg" title="File:Rabindranath audio.ogg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="13" height="13" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a> <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Rabindranath_audio.ogg" class="internal" title="Rabindranath audio.ogg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">listen</a>)</span></small>; Hindi: <span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Gentium Plus', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', 'DejaVu Sans', Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode'; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Wikipedia:IPA for Hindi and Urdu" style="text-decoration: none !important; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[rəʋiːnd̪rəˈnaːt̪ʰ ʈʰaːˈkʊr]</a></span><small> <span style="white-space: nowrap; ">(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hi-Rabindranath_Tagore.ogg" title="File:Hi-Rabindranath Tagore.ogg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" width="13" height="13" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; " /></a> <a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Hi-Rabindranath_Tagore.ogg" class="internal" title="Hi-Rabindranath Tagore.ogg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">listen</a>)</span></small>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><span id="cnote_.CE.B2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#ref_.CE.B2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b></span> <b>β:</b> Romanised from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_script" title="Bengali script" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bengali script</a>:<br /><i><span class="Unicode" style="font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Microsoft Sans Serif', 'Free Sans', 'Gentium Plus', 'Gentium Basic', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', 'DejaVu Serif', 'Free Serif', 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Bitstream CyberBase', 'Doulos SIL', Code2000, Code2001; ">Robindronath Ţhakur</span></i>.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><span id="cnote_.CE.B3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#ref_.CE.B3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b></span> <b>γ:</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bengali calendar</a>: 25 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baishakh" title="Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Baishakh</a>, 1268 – 22 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srabon" title="Srabon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Srabon</a>, 1348 (২৫শে বৈশাখ, ১২৬৮ – ২২শে শ্রাবণ, ১৩৪৮ বঙ্গাব্দ).<br /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><span id="cnote_.CE.B4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#ref_.CE.B4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b></span> <b>δ:</b> <i>Gurudev</i> translates as "divine mentor".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESil2005_182-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTESil2005-182" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[162]</a></sup><br /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><span id="cnote_.CE.B5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#ref_.CE.B5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b></span> <b>ε:</b> Tagore was born at No. 6 Dwarkanath Tagore Lane, Jorasanko—the address of the main mansion (the <i>Jorasanko Thakurbari</i>) inhabited by the Jorasanko branch of the Tagore clan, which had earlier suffered an acrimonious split. Jorasanko was located in the Bengali section of Calcutta, near Chitpur Road.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199534_183-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson199534-183" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[163]</a></sup><br /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><span id="cnote_.CE.B6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#ref_.CE.B6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b></span> <b>ζ:</b> ... and wholly fictitious ...<br /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><span id="cnote_.CE.B7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#ref_.CE.B7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b></span> <b>η:</b> Etymology of "Visva-Bharati": from the Sanskrit for "world" or "universe" and the name of a Rigvedic goddess ("Bharati") associated with<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Saraswati</a>, the Hindu patron of learning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995220_142-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995220-142" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[143]</a></sup> "Visva-Bharati" also translates as "India in the World".<br /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><span id="cnote_.CE.B8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#ref_.CE.B8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b></span> <b>θ:</b> Tagore was no stranger to controversy: his dealings with Indian nationalists <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Subhas Chandra Bose</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1997_2-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1997-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[3]</a></sup> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Rash Behari Bose</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995214_184-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995214-184" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[164]</a></sup> his yen for Soviet Communism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995297_185-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995297-185" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[165]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995214.E2.80.93215_186-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995214.E2.80.93215-186" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[166]</a></sup> and papers confiscated from Indian nationalists in New York allegedly implicating Tagore in a plot to overthrow the Raj via German funds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995212_187-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995212-187" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[167]</a></sup> These destroyed Tagore's image—and book sales—in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995214_184-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995214-184" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[164]</a></sup> His relations with and ambivalent opinion of Mussolini revolted many;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKundu2009_72-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKundu2009-72" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[73]</a></sup> close friend <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Romain Rolland</a> despaired that "[h]e is abdicating his role as moral guide of the independent spirits of Europe and India".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995273_188-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuttaRobinson1995273-188" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">[168]</a></sup><br /></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><span id="cnote_.CE.B9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#ref_.CE.B9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b></span> <b>ι:</b> On the "idea of the humanity of our God, or the divinity of Man the Eternal".</li></ul></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-41159555982283124362011-04-24T22:45:00.003+05:302011-04-24T23:11:12.133+05:30চর্যাপদ<b>চর্যাপদ</b> বাংলা ভাষার প্রাচীনতম কাব্য তথা সাহিত্য নিদর্শন। নব্য ভারতীয় আর্যভাষারও প্রাচীনতম রচনা এটি।<sup id="cite_ref-sahittosomogro44_0-0" class="reference">[১]</sup> খ্রিস্টীয় দশম থেকে দ্বাদশ শতাব্দীর মধ্যবর্তী সময়ে রচিত এই গীতিপদাবলির রচয়িতারা ছিলেন সহজিয়া <span class="mw-redirect">বৌদ্ধ</span> সিদ্ধাচার্যগণ। বৌদ্ধ ধর্মের গূঢ় অর্থ সাংকেতিক রূপের আশ্রয়ে ব্যাখ্যার উদ্দেশ্যেই তাঁরা পদগুলি রচনা করেছিলেন। বাংলা সাধন সংগীতের শাখাটির সূত্রপাতও এই চর্যাপদ থেকেই হয়। এই বিবেচনায় এটি ধর্মগ্রন্থজাতীয় রচনা। একই সঙ্গে সমকালীন বাংলার সামাজিক ও প্রাকৃতিক চিত্রাবলি এই পদগুলিতে উজ্জ্বল। এর সাহিত্যগুণ আজও চিত্তাকর্ষক।<sup id="ref_.E0.A6.95_1" class="reference">[ক]</sup> ১৯০৭ খ্রিস্টাব্দে মহামহোপাধ্যায় হরপ্রসাদ শাস্ত্রী, নেপালের রাজদরবারের গ্রন্থশালা থেকে চর্যার একটি খণ্ডিত পুঁথি উদ্ধার করেন। পরবর্তীতে আচার্য সুনীতিকুমার চট্টোপাধ্যায় ভাষাতাত্ত্বিক বিশ্লেষণের মাধ্যমে চর্যাপদের সঙ্গে বাংলা ভাষার অনস্বীকার্য যোগসূত্র বৈজ্ঞানিক যুক্তিসহ প্রতিষ্ঠিত করেন। চর্যার প্রধান কবিগণ হলেন লুইপাদ, কাহ্নপাদ, <span class="mw-redirect">ভুসুকুপাদ</span>, শবরপাদ প্রমুখ।<br /><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="" /><br /><div style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size:130%;">চর্যাপদ পুঁথির একটি পৃষ্ঠা<br /></span><div style="text-align: left; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><h2><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.86.E0.A6.AC.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.B7.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.95.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.B0">আবিষ্কার</span></h2> <p>বাংলায় মুসলমান আধিপত্য প্রতিষ্ঠিত হবার আগে ব্রাহ্মণ্য হিন্দুসমাজের পীড়নে এবং <span class="mw-redirect">মুসলমান</span> শাসনে ধর্মচ্যুত হবার আশংকায় বাংলার বৌদ্ধগণ তাঁদের ধর্মীয় পুঁথিপত্র নিয়ে শিষ্যদেরকে সঙ্গী করে নেপাল, ভুটান ও তিব্বতে পলায়ন করেছিলেন– এই ধারণার বশবর্তী হয়ে হরপ্রসাদ শাস্ত্রী চারবার নেপাল পরিভ্রমণ করেন। ১৯০৭ খ্রিস্টাব্দে তৃতীয়বার নেপাল ভ্রমণকালে <i>চর্যাচর্যবিনিশ্চয়</i> নামক একটি পুঁথি নেপাল রাজদরবারের অভিলিপিশালায় আবিষ্কার করেন। <i>চর্যাচর্যবিনিশ্চয়</i>, সরহপাদের দোহা এবং অদ্বয় বজ্রের <span class="mw-redirect">সংস্কৃত</span> <i>সহজাম্নায় পঞ্জিকা</i>, কৃষ্ণাচার্য বা কাহ্নপাদের দোহা, আচার্যপাদের সংস্কৃত <i>মেখলা</i> নামক টীকা ও আগেই আবিষ্কৃত <i>ডাকার্ণব</i> পুঁথি একত্রে ১৯১৬ খ্রিস্টাব্দে (শ্রাবণ, ১৩২৩ <span class="mw-redirect">বঙ্গাব্দ</span>) বঙ্গীয় সাহিত্য পরিষদ থেকে <i>হাজার বছরের পুরাণ বাঙ্গালা বৌদ্ধগান ও দোঁহা</i> শিরোনামে সম্পাদকীয় ভূমিকাসহ প্রকাশ করেন হরপ্রসাদ শাস্ত্রী।<sup id="cite_ref-itibritto129-130_1-0" class="reference">[২]</sup> হরপ্রসাদ শাস্ত্রী মোট ৪৬টি পূর্ণাঙ্গ ও একটি খণ্ডিত পদ পেয়েছিলেন। পুঁথিটির মধ্যে কয়েকটি পাতা ছেঁড়া ছিল। প্রবোধচন্দ্র বাগচী চর্যার যে তিব্বতি অনুবাদ সংগ্রহ করেন তাতে আরও চারটি পদের অনুবাদসহ ওই খণ্ডপদটির অনুবাদও পাওয়া যায়। মূল পুঁথির পদের সংখ্যা ছিল ৫১।<sup id="cite_ref-sahittosomogro44_0-1" class="reference">[১]</sup> মূল তিব্বতি অনুবাদের ভিত্তিতে সিদ্ধান্ত হয়েছে যে, মূল পুঁথির নাম <i>চর্যাগীতিকোষ</i> এবং এতে ১০০টি পদ ছিল। হরপ্রসাদ শাস্ত্রী আবিষ্কৃত পুঁথিটি <i>চর্যাগীতিকোষ</i> থেকে নির্বাচিত পুঁথিসমূহের সমূল টীকাভাষ্য।<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference">[৩]</sup></p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.A8.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.AE.E0.A6.95.E0.A6.B0.E0.A6.A3">নামকরণ</span></h2> <p>আবিষ্কৃত পুঁথিতে চর্যা-পদাবলির যে নাম পাওয়া যায় সেটি হলো 'চর্যাচর্যবিনিশ্চয়'। হরপ্রসাদ শাস্ত্রী তাঁর সম্পাদিত গ্রন্থে এই নামটিই ব্যবহার করেছেন। কিন্তু আবিষ্কৃত পুঁথিটি যেহেতু মূল পুঁথি নয়, মূল পুঁথির নকলমাত্র এবং মূল পুঁথিটি (তিব্বতি পুঁথি) যেহেতু এপর্যন্ত অনাবিষ্কৃত, সেই কারণে পরবর্তীকালে চর্যা-পদাবলির প্রকৃত নাম নিয়ে পণ্ডিতদের মধ্যে বিতর্কের সৃষ্টি হয়।</p> <p>মহামহোপাধ্যায় বিধুশেখর শাস্ত্রী ১৯২৮ খ্রিস্টাব্দে চর্যার প্রথম পদের <span class="mw-redirect">সংস্কৃত</span> টীকাটি (শ্রীলূয়ীচরণাদিসিদ্ধরচিতেঽপ্যাশ্চর্যচর্যাচয়ে। সদ্বর্ত্মাবগমায় নির্ম্মল গিরাং টীকাং বিধাস্যে স্ফুটনম।।) উদ্ধৃত করে শ্লোকাংশের 'আশ্চর্যচর্যাচয়' কথাটিকে গ্রন্থনাম হিসাবে গ্রহণ করার প্রস্তাব রাখেন। তাঁর মতে, 'আশ্চর্যচর্যাচয়' কথাটিই নেপালী পুঁথি নকলকারীর ভুলবশত 'চর্যাচর্যবিনিশ্চয়' হয়েছে। তবে এই মতের যথার্থতা বিষয়ে আচার্য অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় সন্দেহ প্রকাশ করেন।<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference">[৪]</sup> প্রবোধচন্দ্র বাগচী ওই একই সূত্র ধরে চর্যা-পুঁথির নাম 'চর্যাশ্চর্যবিনিশ্চয়' রাখার পক্ষপাতী ছিলেন। কিন্তু আচার্য অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় এই মত খণ্ডন করে লিখেছেন, "'আশ্চর্যচর্যাচয়' নামটিও অযুক্তিযুক্ত নয়। কিন্তু 'চর্যাচর্যবিনিশ্চয়' ও 'আশ্চর্যচর্যাচয়', দুই নামকে মিলিয়ে 'চর্যাশ্চর্যবিনিশ্চয়' নামটি গ্রহণ করা যায় না। কারণ এই 'জোরকলম' শব্দটি আধুনিক পণ্ডিতজনের পরিকল্পিত।”<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[৫]</sup></p> <p>আধুনিক গবেষকগণ তেঙ্গুর গ্রন্থমালা (Bastan-hgyar) থেকে অনুমান করেন মূল পুঁথিটির নাম ছিল <i>চর্যাগীতিকোষ</i> এবং তার সংস্কৃত টীকাটি 'চর্যাচর্যবিনিশ্চয়'। অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ও এই মত গ্রহণ করেছেন।<sup id="cite_ref-itibritto_5-0" class="reference">[৬]</sup></p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.B0.E0.A6.9A.E0.A6.A8.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.95.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.B2">রচনাকাল</span></h2> <p>চর্যার সময়কাল নিয়েও গবেষকমহলে মতবিরোধ আছে। সুনীতিকুমার চট্টোপাধ্যায় ও প্রবোধচন্দ্র বাগচীর মতে চর্যার পদগুলি খ্রিস্টীয় দশম থেকে দ্বাদশ শতাব্দীর মধ্যবর্তী সময়ে রচিত। কিন্তু ডক্টর মুহম্মদ শহীদুল্লাহ ও রাহুল সাংকৃত্যায়ন এই সময়কালকে আরও ২০০ বছর পিছিয়ে দিয়ে চর্যার রচনাকাল খ্রিস্টীয় অষ্টম থেকে দ্বাদশ শতাব্দী বলে মতপ্রকাশ করেছেন।</p> <p>হরপ্রসাদ শাস্ত্রীর মতে অতীশ দীপঙ্কর শ্রীজ্ঞান (৯৮০ – ১০৫৩ খ্রিস্টাব্দ) তিব্বত যাত্রার পূর্বে (১০৩০ খ্রিস্টাব্দ) লুইপাদের <i>অভিসময়বিহঙ্গ</i> রচনায় সাহায্য করেছিলেন। একথা সত্য হলে লুইপাদ দশম শতাব্দীর শেষভাগে বর্তমান থাকবেন। অপরদিকে তিব্বতি কিংবদন্তী অনুসারে তিনিই সিদ্ধাচার্যদের আদিগুরু; অর্থাৎ, চর্যার সময়কালও দশম শতাব্দীর পূর্বে হতে পারে না।<sup id="cite_ref-itibritto_5-1" class="reference">[৬]</sup></p> <p>অন্যদিকে কেমব্রিজ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের গ্রন্থাগারে <i>হেবজ্রপঞ্জিকাযোগরত্নমালা</i> নামে এক বৌদ্ধতান্ত্রিক পুঁথির সন্ধান মেলে, যেটির রচনাকাল শেষ পালরাজা গোবিন্দপালের (১১৫৫ খ্রিস্টাব্দ) শাসনকাল। বিশেষজ্ঞদের মতে এই পুঁথির রচয়িতা শ্রীকৃষ্ণাচার্যই প্রকৃতপক্ষে চর্যার কাহ্নপাদ বা চর্যা-টীকার কৃষ্ণাচার্য। <span class="new">নাথ সাহিত্য</span> অনুযায়ী কাহ্নপাদের গুরু জালন্ধরিপাদ বা হাড়িপা, যিনি গোরক্ষনাথের শিষ্য ছিলেন। আবার মারাঠি গ্রন্থ <i>জ্ঞানেশ্বরী</i> (রচনাকাল আনুমানিক ১২৯০ খ্রিস্টাব্দ) থেকে জানা যায় উক্ত গ্রন্থের রচয়িতা জ্ঞানদেব দীক্ষালাভ করেন নিবৃত্তিনাথের কাছ থেকে, যিনি গোরক্ষনাথের শিষ্য গেইনীনাথ বা গোয়নীনাথের থেকে দীক্ষাপ্রাপ্ত। সেই হিসাবেও কাহ্নপাদকে দ্বাদশ শতাব্দীর মানুষ বলে মনে হয়।<sup id="cite_ref-itibritto_5-2" class="reference">[৬]</sup></p> <p>এইসব তথ্যপ্রমাণের ভিত্তিতে চর্যার পদগুলি খ্রিস্টীয় দশম থেকে দ্বাদশ শতাব্দীর মধ্যবর্তী সময়ে রচিত বলেই অনুমিত হয়। তবে তার পরেও দু-তিনশো বছর ধরে গোপনে চর্যাগীতি রচিত হয়েছিল। শশিভূষণ দাশগুপ্ত নেপাল ও তরাই অঞ্চল থেকে এই ধরণের শতাধিক পদ উদ্ধার করেছেন। ১৯৮৯ খ্রিস্টাব্দে এগুলি কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় থেকে অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের সম্পাদনায় <i>নব চর্যাপদ</i> নামে সংকলিত ও প্রকাশিত হয়।<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference">[৭]</sup></p><h2> <span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.95.E0.A6.AC.E0.A6.BF">কবি</span></h2> <p>চর্যার কবিগণ <i>সিদ্ধাচার্য</i> নামে পরিচিত; সাধারণত বজ্রযানী ও সহজযানী আচার্যগণই এই নামে অভিহিত হতেন। তিব্বতি ও ভারতীয় কিংবদন্তীতে এঁরাই 'চৌরাশি সিদ্ধা' নামে পরিচিত। তবে এই ৮৪ জন সিদ্ধাচার্য আসলে কারা ছিলেন তা সঠিক জানা যায় না।<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference">[৮]</sup></p> <p>চর্যার কবিরা ছিলেন পূর্ব ভারত ও নেপাল রাষ্ট্রের বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলের অধিবাসী। কেউ পূর্ববঙ্গ, কেউ উত্তরবঙ্গ, কেউ বা রাঢ়ের অধিবাসী ছিলেন। কেউ কেউ বিহার, কেউ ওড়িশা, কেউ বা আবার <span class="mw-redirect">অসম</span> বা কামরূপের বাসিন্দাও ছিলেন। এঁরা ব্রাহ্মণ, কায়স্থ, ক্ষত্রিয়, বণিক এমনকি অন্ত্যজ শ্রেণী থেকেও এসেছিলেন। কেউ কেউ রাজবংশজাতও ছিলেন। এঁরা পূর্বাশ্রমের পিতৃপ্রদত্ত নাম ত্যাগ করেছিলেন বলে নাম দেখে এঁদের জাতি স্থির করা যায় না। এঁরা হিন্দুধর্মের সনাতন শাস্ত্রবিধান মানতেন না বলে এঁদের বেদবিরোধী ও নাস্তিক আখ্যা দেওয়া হয়। সাধনার নামে গোপনে কেউ কেউ যৌনাচারও করতেন বলে আধুনিক গবেষকগণ মত প্রকাশ করেন।<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference">[৯]</sup></p> <p>আবিষ্কৃত পুঁথিটিতে ৫০টি চর্যায় মোট ২৪ জন সিদ্ধাচার্যের নাম পাওয়া যায়। এঁরা হলেন: লুই, কুক্কুরী, বিরুআ, গুণ্ডরী, চাটিল, ভুসুকু, <span class="mw-redirect">কাহ্ন</span>, কাম্বলাম্বর, ডোম্বী, শান্তি, মহিত্তা, বীণা, সরহ, শবর, আজদেব, ঢেণ্ঢণ, দারিক, ভাদে, তাড়ক, কঙ্কণ, জঅনন্দি, ধাম, তান্তী পা, লাড়ীডোম্বী। এঁদের মধ্যে লাড়ীডোম্বীর পদটি পাওয়া যায়নি। ২৪, ২৫ ও ৪৮ সংখ্যক পদগুলি হরপ্রসাদ শাস্ত্রী আবিষ্কৃত পুঁথিতে না থাকলেও ডক্টর প্রবোধচন্দ্র বাগচী আবিষ্কৃত তিব্বতি অনুবাদে এগুলির রচয়িতার নাম উল্লিখিত হয়েছে যথাক্রমে কাহ্ন, তান্তী পা ও কুক্কুরী।<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference">[১০]</sup> এই নামগুলির অধিকাংশই তাঁদের ছদ্মনাম এবং ভনিতার শেষে তাঁরা নামের সঙ্গে 'পা' (<পদ) শব্দটি সম্ভ্রমবাচক অর্থে ব্যবহার করতেন।</p> <p>সাধারণভাবে লুইপাদকেই আদি সিদ্ধাচার্য মনে করা হয়। তাঞ্জর বর্ণনা অনুযায়ী তিনি ছিলেন বাঙালি। তিনি মগধের বাসিন্দা ছিলেন ও রাঢ় ও ময়ূরভঞ্জে আজও তাঁর নাম শ্রদ্ধাভরে স্মরণ করা হয়। চর্যার টীকায় তাঁর অন্য নাম লূয়ীপাদ বা লূয়ীচরণ। ১ ও ২৯ সংখ্যক পদদুটি তাঁর রচিত।<sup id="cite_ref-chorrjagiti18_10-0" class="reference">[১১]</sup></p> <p>চর্যার পুঁথিতে সর্বাধিক সংখ্যক পদের রচয়িতা কাহ্ন বা কাহ্নপাদ। তিনি কৃষ্ণাচার্য, কৃষ্ণপাদ ও কৃষ্ণবজ্র নামেও পরিচিত। পুঁথিতে তাঁর মোট ১১টি পদ (পদ- ৭, ৯, ১১, ১২, ১৮, ১৯, ২৪, ৩৬, ৪০, ৪২ ও ৪৫) পাওয়া যায়।<sup id="cite_ref-chorrjagiti18_10-1" class="reference">[১১]</sup> ইনি ওড়িশার এক ব্রাহ্মণ বংশে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন বলে জানা যায়। শৌরসেনী অপভ্রংশ ও মাগধী অপভ্রংশজাত বাংলায় তিনি পদ রচনা করতেন।<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference">[১২]</sup> ভুসুকুপাদ বাঙালি ছিলেন বলে অনেকের অনুমান। কেউ কেউ তাঁকে চর্যাগানের শান্তিপাদের সঙ্গে অভিন্ন মনে করেন।<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference">[১৩]</sup> চর্যার পুঁথিতে তাঁর আটটি পদ (পদ- ৬, ২১, ২৩, ২৭, ৩০, ৪১, ৪৩, ৪৯) আছে।<sup id="cite_ref-chorrjagiti18_10-2" class="reference">[১১]</sup> এছাড়া সরহপাদ চারটি (পদ- ২২, ৩২, ৩৮, ৩৯), কুক্কুরীপাদ তিনটি(পদ- ২, ২০, ৪৮) এবং শান্তিপাদ (পদ- ১৫ ও ২৬) ও শবরপাদ দুইটি পদ (পদ- ২৮ ও ৫০) রচনা করেন। একটি করে পদ রচনা করেন বিরুআ (পদ ৩), গুণ্ডরী (পদ ৪), চাটিল (পদ ৫), কম্বলাম্বরপাদ (পদ ৮), ডোম্বীপাদ (পদ ১৪), মহিণ্ডা (পদ ১৬), বীণাপাদ (পদ ১৭), আজদেব (পদ ৩১), ঢেণ্ঢণ (পদ ৩৩), দারিক (পদ ৩৪), ভদ্রপাদ (পদ ৩৫), তাড়ক (পদ ৩৭), কঙ্কণ (পদ ৪৪), জঅনন্দি (পদ ৪৬), ধাম (পদ ৪৭) ও তান্তী পা (পদ ২৫, মূল বিলুপ্ত)। নাড়ীডোম্বীপাদের পদটি পাওয়া যায় না।<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference">[১৪]</sup></p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.AD.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.B7.E0.A6.BE">ভাষা</span></h2> <p>চর্যাপদের ভাষা বাংলা কি-না সে বিষয়ে বিতর্কের সৃষ্টি হয়েছিল পরবর্তীতে যার অবসান হয়েছে। এটি সৃজ্যমান বাংলা ভাষার একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নিদর্শন। চর্যাপদের রচয়িতা বৌদ্ধ সিদ্ধাচার্যগণ সংস্কৃতে পারদর্শী হলেও তাঁরা তৎকালীন অপরিণত বাংলাতেই পদগুলি রচনা করেছিলেন। চর্যাপদের ভাষা <span class="mw-redirect">বাংলা</span> ভাষার অদ্যাবধি আবিষ্কৃত আদিতম রূপ। <span class="mw-redirect">হিন্দি</span>, ওড়িয়া বা মৈথিলি বিদ্বজ্জনেরা এই ভাষায় নিজেদের পূর্বসূরিত্বের সন্ধান করলেও ভাষাবৈজ্ঞানিক অনুসন্ধানের ফল বাংলা ভাষারই অনুকূল। এই ভাষা সম্প্রদায়বিশেষের সাধন-সঙ্গীতের ভাষা বিধায় অস্পষ্ট ও দুর্বোধ্য; যদিও এতে উল্লিখিত ছন্দ ও রাগ-রাগিনী পরবর্তীকালের বাঙালি কবিদের পথনির্দেশিকারূপে কাজ করে।</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.AD.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.B7.E0.A6.BE-.E0.A6.AC.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.A4.E0.A6.B0.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.95">ভাষা-বিতর্ক</span></h3> <p>চর্যা পদসংগ্রহ প্রকাশিত হবার পর চর্যার ভাষা নিয়ে যেমন প্রচুর গবেষণা হয়েছে, তেমনি ভারতের অন্যান্য অঞ্চলের বিদ্বজ্জনেরা এই ভাষার উপর নিজ নিজ মাতৃভাষার অধিকার দাবি করে বিতর্ক সৃষ্টি করেছেন।</p> <p>হরপ্রসাদ শাস্ত্রী তাঁর সম্পাদিত <i>হাজার বছরের পুরাণ বাঙ্গালা বৌদ্ধ গান ও দোহা</i> গ্রন্থের ভূমিকায় <i>চর্যাচর্যবিনিশ্চয়</i>, সরহপাদ ও কৃষ্ণাচার্যের দোহা এবং <i>ডাকার্ণব</i>-কে সম্পূর্ণ প্রাচীন বাংলার নিদর্শন বলে দাবি করেছেন। <i>শ্রীকৃষ্ণকীর্তন</i> কাব্যের আবিষ্কর্তা ও সম্পাদক <span class="mw-redirect">বসন্তরঞ্জন রায় বিদ্বদ্বল্লভ</span>ও তাঁর দাবিকে সমর্থন করেন। ১৯২০ খ্রিস্টাব্দে বিজয়চন্দ্র মজুমদার তাঁদের দাবি অস্বীকার করে চর্যা ও অন্যান্য কবিতাগুলির সঙ্গে বাংলা ভাষার সম্বন্ধের দাবি নস্যাৎ করার চেষ্টা করেন। কিন্তু ১৯২৬ খ্রিস্টাব্দে ডক্টর সুনীতিকুমার চট্টোপাধ্যায় তাঁর <i>The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language</i> গ্রন্থে চর্যাগান ও দোহাগুলির ধ্বনিতত্ত্ব, ব্যাকরণ ও ছন্দ বিশ্লেষণ করে শুধুমাত্র এইগুলিকেই প্রাচীন বাংলার নিদর্শন হিসাবে গ্রহণ করেন। ১৯২৭ খ্রিস্টাব্দে ডক্টর মুহম্মদ শহীদুল্লাহ প্যারিস থেকে প্রকাশিত <i>Les Chants Mystique de Saraha et de Kanha</i> গ্রন্থে সুনীতিকুমারের মত গ্রহণ করেন।<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference">[১৫]</sup></p> <p>যেসকল ভাষাতাত্ত্বিক বৈশিষ্ট্য চর্যার সঙ্গে বাংলার সম্পর্ককে প্রমাণ করে সেগুলি হলো<sup id="cite_ref-ittibritto143_15-0" class="reference">[১৬]</sup>:</p> <ul><li>সম্বন্ধ পদে –অর বিভক্তি, সম্প্রদানে –কে, সম্প্রদানবাচক অনুসর্গ –অন্তরে (মধ্যযুগীয় ও আধুনিক রূপ –তরে), অধিকরণে –অন্ত, -ত, অধিকরণবাচক অনুসর্গ –মাঝে, অতীত ক্রিয়ায় –ইল এবং ভবিষ্যত ক্রিয়ায় -ইব। চর্যা মৈথিলী বা পূরবীয়া হিন্দিতে রচিত হলে অতীত ক্রিয়ায় –অল ও ভবিষ্যতে –অব যুক্ত হত।</li><li>গুনিয়া, লেহঁ, দিল, ভণিআঁ, সড়ি, পড়িআঁ, উঠি গেল, আখি বুজিঅ, ধরণ ন জাঅ, কহন না জাই, পার করেই, নিদ গেলা, আপনা মাংসে হরিণা বৈরী, হাড়ীত ভাত নাহি ইত্যাদি বাগভঙ্গিমা ও শব্দযোজনা বাংলা ভাষায় পরবর্তীকালেও সুলভ। এর সঙ্গে অবশ্য তসু, জৈসন, জিস, কাঁহি, পুছমি প্রভৃতি পশ্চিমা অপভ্রংশের শব্দও আছে। তবে সেগুলি মূলত কৃতঋণ শব্দ হিসাবেই চর্যায় ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।</li><li>এছাড়া সম্প্রদানে –ক এবং –সাথ, -লাগ, -লগ-এর বদলে সঙ্গে, সম অনুসর্গের ব্যবহার এবং নাসিক্যধ্বনির বাহুল্যের জন্য চর্যার ভাষাকে রাঢ় অঞ্চলের ভাষা বলে মনে করা হয়। অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় মন্তব্য করেছেন, “চর্যার আচার্যেরা কামরূপ, সোমপুরী, বিক্রমপুর – যেখান থেকেই আসুন না কেন, আশ্চর্যের বিষয়, এঁরা সকলেই রাঢ় অঞ্চলের ভাষানীতি গ্রহণ করেছিলেন।”<sup id="cite_ref-ittibritto143_15-1" class="reference">[১৬]</sup></li></ul> <p>রাহুল সাংকৃত্যায়ন বা অন্যান্য ভাষার বিদ্বজ্জনেরা যাঁরা চর্যাকে নিজ নিজ ভাষার প্রাচীন নিদর্শন বলে দাবি করেছিলেন, তাঁরা এই রকম সুস্পষ্ট ও সুসংহত বৈজ্ঞানিক প্রমাণের দ্বারা নিজেদের দাবি প্রতিষ্ঠিত করতে সক্ষম হননি।</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.B8.E0.A6.A8.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.A7.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AF.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.AD.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.B7.E0.A6.BE">সন্ধ্যাভাষা</span></h3> <p>চর্যাপদের ভাষা অস্পষ্ট ও দুর্বোধ্য। সেই কারণে চর্যায় ব্যবহৃত ভাষাকে হরপ্রসাদ শাস্ত্রী বলেছেন সন্ধ্যাভাষা। তাঁর মতে,</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.AD.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.B7.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.A4.E0.A6.A4.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.A4.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AC">ভাষাতত্ত্ব</span></h3> <p>প্রাচীন বাংলার ভাষাতাত্ত্বিক বৈশিষ্ট্যগুলির সন্ধানে প্রাকৃত বাংলায় রচিত চর্যাপদ একটি মূল্যবান উপাদান। ১৯২৬ খ্রিস্টাব্দে ডক্টর সুনীতিকুমার চট্টোপাধ্যায় প্রথম এই বৈশিষ্ট্যগুলি নিয়ে বিজ্ঞানসম্মত আলোচনা করেন তাঁর <i>The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language</i> গ্রন্থে। এরপর ডক্টর সুকুমার সেন, ডক্টর মুহম্মদ শহীদুল্লাহ, তারাপদ মুখোপাধ্যায়, পরেশচন্দ্র মজুমদার ও ডক্টর রামেশ্বর শ' চর্যার ভাষাতত্ত্ব নিয়ে বিস্তারিত গবেষণা করেন। ফলে আজ চর্যার ভাষার স্বরূপটি অনেক বেশি সুস্পষ্ট হয়ে গেছে।<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference">[১৯]</sup></p><p><br /></p> <table style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding:10px 10px;" valign="top" width="20">“</td> <td style="padding:4px 10px;" valign="top">সহজিয়া ধর্মের সকল বই-ই সন্ধ্যা ভাষায় লেখা। সন্ধ্যা ভাষার মানে আলো-আঁধারি ভাষা, কতক আলো, কতক অন্ধকার, খানিক বুঝা যায়, খানিকটা বুঝা যায় না। অর্থাৎ, এই সকল উঁচু অঙ্গের ধর্মকথার ভিতরে একটা অন্য ভাবের কথাও আছে। সেটা খুলিয়া ব্যাখ্যা করিবার নয়। যাঁহারা সাধনভজন করেন তাঁহারাই সে কথা বুঝিবেন, আমাদের বুঝিয়া কাজ নাই।</td> <td style="color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding:10px 10px;" valign="bottom" width="20">”</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference">[১৭]</sup></p> <p>বজ্রযানী ও সহজযানী গ্রন্থকারগণ প্রায়শ ‘সন্ধ্যাভাষয়া বোদ্ধব্যম্’ বলে এক রহস্যের ইঙ্গিত দিতেন। বজ্রযানী গ্রন্থগুলিতে ‘সন্ধ্যাভাষা’ শব্দটি বহুল-ব্যবহৃত। তিব্বতি ভাষায় ‘সন্ধ্যাভাষা’র অর্থ ‘প্রহেলিকাচ্ছলে উক্ত দুরুহ তত্ত্বের ব্যাখ্যা’। যদিও মহামহোপাধ্যায় বিধুশেখর শাস্ত্রী ও ডক্টর প্রবোধচন্দ্র বাগচী ‘সন্ধ্যা’র বদলে সন্-ধা ধাতু থেকে নিষ্পন্ন ‘সন্ধা’ শব্দটি ব্যবহারের পক্ষপাতী। তাঁদের মতে, ‘সন্ধ্যা’ লিপিকরদের প্রমাদ। ‘সন্ধা’ শব্দের অর্থ ‘অভিপ্রেত, উদ্দিষ্ট, আভিপ্রায়িক বচন’। ম্যাক্সমুলার ‘সন্ধা’র অর্থ করেছেন ‘প্রচ্ছন্ন উক্তি’ (‘hidden saying’)। চর্যার ধর্মীয় প্রসঙ্গের সঙ্গে ‘সন্ধা’ এ-দিক দিয়ে যুক্তিগ্রাহ্য হলেও, যেহেতু অধিকাংশ পুথিতেই ‘সন্ধ্যা’ শব্দটি রয়েছে সেই কারণে হরপ্রসাদের অর্থেই আধুনিক গবেষকগণ এই শব্দটি গ্রহণ করেছেন। <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference">[১৮]</sup></p><h4><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.A7.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AC.E0.A6.A8.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.A4.E0.A6.A4.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.A4.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AC">ধ্বনিতত্ত্ব</span></h4> <ul><li>চর্যায় অ-কার কিছু বেশি বিবৃত (open) ; কতকটা আধুনিক আ-এর কাছাকাছি। সম্ভবত আদিস্বরের শ্বাসাঘাতের জন্য অ/আ ধ্বনির বিপর্যয় দেখা যায়। যেমন: অইস/আইস, কবালী/কাবালী, সমাঅ/সামাঅ ইত্যাদি।</li><li>ব্যঞ্জনধ্বনির ক্ষেত্রে প্রধান বৈশিষ্ট্য হলো: পদমধ্যে ‘হ’-ধ্বনির সংরক্ষণ (যেমন: খনহ, তঁহি, করহ ইত্যাদি); মহাপ্রাণ বর্ণের অস্তিত্ব (যেমন: আহ্মে, কাহ্ন, দিঢ় ইত্যাদি) এবং ওড়িয়া-সুলভ ‘ল’ (l)-ধ্বনি বজায় থাকা।</li><li>প্রাকৃতের সমযুগ্মব্যঞ্জন সরলীকৃত হয়ে চর্যায় একক ব্যঞ্জনে পরিণত হয়েছে। ফলে পূর্বস্বরের পূরকদীর্ঘত্ব ঘটেছে। যেমন: প্রাচীন ভারতীয় আর্য ‘মধ্য’> মধ্য ভারতীয় আর্য ‘মজ্ঝ’> প্রাকৃত বাংলা ‘মাঝ’ ইত্যাদি।</li><li>নাসিক্যব্যঞ্জনের পূর্বস্বর দীর্ঘত্বলাভের সঙ্গে সঙ্গে অনুনাসিক হয়ে গেছে। যেমন: চন্দ্র>চন্দ>চাঁদ ইত্যাদি।</li><li>পাশাপাশি অবস্থিত একাধিক স্বরধ্বনির অস্তিত্ব লক্ষ্য করা যায়। যেমন: উদাস>উআস। পদান্তেও স্বরধ্বনির ব্যবহার দেখা যায়। যেমন: ভণতি>ভণই ইত্যাদি।</li><li>পদান্তে স্থিত একাধিক স্বর যৌগিক স্বররূপে উচ্চারিত হতো এবং ক্রমে দুইয়ে মিলে একক স্বরে পরিণত হত। যেমন: প্রাচীন ভারতীয় আর্য ‘পুস্তিকা’> মধ্য ভারতীয় আর্য ‘পোত্থিআ’> প্রাকৃত বাংলা ‘পোথী’ ইত্যাদি।</li><li>‘য়’-শ্রুতি বিদ্যমান ছিল; ‘ব’-শ্রুতিও দেখা গেছে। যেমন: নিয়ড্ডী>নিয়ড়ি; নাই>নাবী ইত্যাদি।</li><li>চর্যায় স্বরসংগতির দু-একটি উদাহরণ মেলে। যেমন: সসুরা (<শ্বশুর) ইত্যাদি।</li><li>‘শ’, ‘ষ’, ‘স’ এবং ‘ন’, ‘ণ’-এর যথেচ্ছ ব্যবহার দেখা যায়। যেমন: নিঅ/ণিঅ, নাবী/ণাবী, সহজে/ষহজে, আস(<আশা) ইত্যাদি।</li><li>দীর্ঘস্বর ও হ্রস স্বরের উচ্চারণের পার্থক্য হ্রাস পেয়েছিল। যেমন: শবরি/সবরী, জোই/জোঈ ইত্যাদি।</li><li>পদের আদিতে ‘য’-ধ্বনি ‘জ’-ধ্বনিতে পরিণত হয়েছিল। যেমন: জাই/যাই।</li><li><h4><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.B0.E0.A7.82.E0.A6.AA.E0.A6.A4.E0.A6.A4.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.A4.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AC">রূপতত্ত্ব</span></h4> </li><li>চর্যার নামপদের লিঙ্গভেদ ছাড়াও সর্বনাম, বিশেষণ, সম্বন্ধবাচক শব্দেও লিঙ্গভেদ ছিল। যেমন: হরিণ/হরিণী, শবরা/শবরী, ‘রাতি পোহাইলি’, ‘গুঞ্জরী মালী’ ইত্যাদি।</li></ul> <ul><li>একবচন-বহুবচনের পার্থক্য ছিল; সংখ্যাবাচক শব্দযোগে, সমষ্টিবাচক পদযোগে এবং দ্বিরুক্তিপদ প্রয়োগের দ্বারা বহুবচন বোঝান হতো। যেমন: ‘বতিস জোইনী’, ‘পঞ্চবিডাল’, ‘উঁচা উঁচা পাবত’ ইত্যাদি।</li></ul> <ul><li>চর্যায় কারক মুখ্যত দুটি। যথা: মুখ্যকারক ও গৌণকারক। মুখ্যকারকে বিভক্তি শূণ্য বা -এ। যেমন: ‘সরহ ভণই’, ‘কুম্ভীরে খাঅ’ ইত্যাদি। গৌণকারকে -এঁ বা -এ বিভক্তি। যেমন: ‘সহজে থির করি’ (কর্ম কারক), ‘কুঠারে ছিজঅ’ (করণ কারক), ‘হিএঁ মাঝে’ (অধিকরণ কারক) ইত্যাদি। বিভক্তিহীনতার উদাহরণও পাওয়া যায়। যেমন: ‘কায়া তরুবর’।</li></ul> <ul><li>-এর ও -ক বিভক্তির মাধ্যমে সম্বন্ধপদ নিষ্পন্ন হতো। যেমন: ‘রুখের তেন্তুলি’, ‘করণক পাটের আস’ ইত্যাদি।</li></ul> <ul><li>-ক, -কে ও –রে বিভক্তি দ্বারা গৌণকর্মের ও সম্প্রদানের পদসিদ্ধ হতো। যেমন: ‘নাশক’, ‘বাহবকে পারই’, ‘রসানেরে কংখা’ ইত্যাদি।</li></ul> <ul><li>-ই, -এ, -হি, -তেঁ ও –ত অধিকরণের বিভক্তি হিসাবে ব্যবহৃত হতো। যেমন: ‘নিঅড়ি’, ‘ঘরে’, ‘হিঅহি’, ‘সুখদুখেতেঁ’, ‘হাঁড়িত’ ইত্যাদি।</li></ul> <ul><li>করণের বিশিষ্ট বিভক্তি –এঁ সপ্তমীর সঙ্গে প্রায় অভিন্ন হওয়ার কারণেও –তেঁ, -এতেঁ, -তে বিভক্তি দেখা যায়। যেমন: ‘সাঁদে’ (<শব্দেন), ‘বোধেঁ’ (<বোধেন), ‘মতিএঁ’, ‘সুখদুখেতেঁ’ (<সুখদুঃখ+এ+ত+এন)।</li></ul> <ul><li>অপাদানে অপভ্রষ্ট থেকে আগত -হুঁ বিভক্তি দু-একটি পাওয়া গেছে। যেমন: ‘খেপহুঁ’, ‘রঅনহুঁ’।</li></ul> <ul><li>চর্যাপদে গৌণকারকে ব্যবহৃত অনুসর্গেও (post position) বৈচিত্র্য দেখা যায়। যেমন: ‘ডোম্বী-এর সঙ্গে’ (নামবাচক অনুসর্গ), ‘দিআঁ চঞ্চালী’ (অসমাপিকা অনুসর্গ)।</li></ul> <ul><li>সংস্কৃতের মতো কর্মভাববাচ্যের প্রচুর উদাহরণ চর্যাপদে আছে। যেমন: ‘নাব ন ভেলা দীসই’, ‘ধরণ ন জাই’ ইত্যাদি।</li></ul> <ul><li>চর্যাপদে যৌগিক কালের উদাহরণ না থাকলেও যৌগিক ক্রিয়ার উদাহরণ প্রচুর আছে। যেমন: ‘গুণিআ লেহুঁ’, ‘নিদ গেল’ ইত্যাদি।</li></ul> <ul><li>নিষ্ঠাপ্রত্যয়ে –এ বিভক্তি দেখা যায়। যেমন: ‘সহজে থির করি’ ইত্যাদি।</li></ul> <ul><li>চর্যায় এমন সব বিশিষ্ট প্রয়োগ আছে যা বাংলা ভাষাভিন্ন অন্য ভাষায় পাওয়া যায় না। যেমন: ‘ভান্তি ন বাসসি’, ‘দুহিল দুধু’ ইত্যাদি।</li></ul> <ul><li>কর্মভাববাচ্যে অতীতকালে –ই, -ইল এবং ভবিষ্যতকালে –ইব বিভক্তির প্রয়োগ দেখা যায়। যেমন: ‘চলিল কাহ্ন’, ‘মই ভাইব’ ইত্যাদি।</li></ul> <ul><li>প্রাচীন বাংলার চর্যাপদে ব্যবহৃত প্রবচনগুলি বাংলা ভাষায় ঐতিহ্যবাহী। যেমন: ‘হাড়িত ভাত নাহি নিতি আবেশী’, ‘আপনা মাংসেঁ হরিণা বৈরী’ ইত্যাদি।</li><li><h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.9B.E0.A6.A8.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.A6_.E0.A6.93_.E0.A6.85.E0.A6.B2.E0.A6.82.E0.A6.95.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.B0">ছন্দ ও অলংকার</span></h3> <p>চর্যার পদগুলি প্রধানত পয়ার ও ত্রিপদী পদে রচিত। এতে মাত্রাছন্দের প্রভাবও দেখা যায়। ১৬ মাত্রার পাদাকুলক ছন্দের ব্যবহারই এখানে বেশি। তবে সর্বত্র নির্দিষ্ট মাত্রারীতি দেখা যায়নি। ছন্দপংক্তির পর্বসংখ্যাগত বৈচিত্র্যও এই পদগুলির অন্যতম বৈশিষ্ট্য। ডক্টর অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় মনে করেন, “তত্ত্বকথার ব্যাখ্যা এবং তাকে ব্রাহ্মণ সমাজের শ্যেনদৃষ্টি থেকে গোপন করা – এই দিকে পদকর্তারা এবং সিদ্ধাচার্যরা অত্যন্ত সচেতন ছিলেন বলে কবিতার আঙ্গিকের দিকে দৃষ্টি দেবার অবকাশ পাননি। তবে একটা কথা সত্য, চর্যাগানেই সর্বপ্রথম পয়ার-ত্রিপদীর আদিসুর ধ্বনিত হয়েছে। সংস্কৃতে রচিত গীতগোবিন্দও এর প্রভাব অস্বীকার করতে পারেনি।”<sup id="cite_ref-ittibritto145-146_19-0" class="reference">[২০]</sup></p> <p>চর্যায় অনুপ্রাসের প্রয়োগ ব্যাপক। প্রায় প্রতিটি পদই অন্ত্যমিলযুক্ত। অন্তানুপ্রাসও প্রচুর। যেমন: “বাহ তু ডোম্বী বাহ লো ডোম্বী বাটত ভইলা উদারা”। চর্যায় উল্লিখিত ছন্দ ও অলংকারগুলি পরবর্তীকালের কবিদের পথপ্রদর্শকস্বরূপ হয়েছিল।<sup id="cite_ref-ittibritto145-146_19-1" class="reference">[২০]</sup></p></li></ul><br /><h2><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.9A.E0.A6.B0.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AF.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.B8.E0.A6.82.E0.A6.97.E0.A7.80.E0.A6.A4">চর্যাসংগীত</span></h2> <p>চর্যাপদ একাধিক চরণবিশিষ্ট, অন্ত্যমিলযুক্ত ও গীতিধর্মী। প্রসঙ্গত উল্লেখ্য, সংস্কৃত সাহিত্যের চিত্রধর্মী শ্লোক বাংলা সাহিত্যের উপর কোনও স্থায়ী প্রভাব বিস্তার করতে পারেনি। বরং চর্যার গীতিকবিতাগুলিই পরবর্তী বাংলা কাব্যসঙ্গীতের আঙ্গিকের ক্ষেত্রে আদর্শ হয়ে ওঠে। অন্যদিকে চর্যার কবিরা যে তাঁদের ধর্মদর্শন ও সাধনপদ্ধতি রূপকের আড়ালে ব্যক্ত করে গান বেঁধেছিলেন, পরবর্তীকালের হিন্দু ও মুসলমান উভয় সম্প্রদায়ের সাধককবিরা সেই আদর্শেই তাঁদের স্ব স্ব ধর্মীয় সাধনসঙ্গীত রচনায় প্রবৃত্ত হন। বৈষ্ণব পদাবলি, বাউল গান, সুফি মুর্শিদি গান, নাথপন্থী দেহযোগী গান বা শাক্তপদাবলি– সবই চর্যাসংগীতের উত্তরসূরী।<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference">[২১]</sup></p> <p>চর্যার পদগুলিতে পদকর্তাদের নামের সঙ্গে বিভিন্ন রাগ-রাগিনীর নামও পাওয়া যায়। এথেকে সহজেই অনুমিত হয় যে, এই পদগুলি সুরসহযোগে গাওয়া হতো। পটমঞ্জরী রাগে চর্যার ১১টি পদ (পদ- ১, ৬, ৭, ৯, ১১, ১৭, ২০, ২৯, ৩১, ৩৩ ও ৩৬) নিবদ্ধ। এই রাগে গাওয়া পদের সংখ্যাই সর্বাধিক। এরপরেই মল্লারী রাগে ৫টি পদ (পদ- ৩০, ৩৫, ৪৪, ৪৫ ও ৪৯) নিবদ্ধ রয়েছে। ৪টি করে পদ ভৈরবী (পদ-১২, ১৬, ১৯ ও ৩৮), কামোদ (পদ- ১৩, ২৭, ৩৭ ও ৪২), বরাড়ী (চর্যায় অপর নাম বলাড্ডি, পদ- ২১, ২৩, ২৮ ও ৩৪) এবং গুঞ্জরী (চর্যায় অপর নাম গুঁজরী বা কহূ গুংজরী, পদ- ৫, ২২, ৪১ ও ৪৭) রাগে নিবদ্ধ। গৌড় (চর্যায় নাম গবড়া বা গউড়া, পদ- ২, ৩, ১৮) রাগে ৩টি পদ নিবদ্ধ। দেশাখ (চর্যায় অপর নাম <i>দ্বেশাখ</i>, পদ- ১০ ও ৩২), রামকেলি (চর্যায় অপর নাম <i>রামক্রী</i>, পদ- ১৫ ও ৫০), আশাবরী (চর্যায় অপর নাম <i>শিবরী</i> বা <i>শবরী</i>, পদ- ২৬ ও ৪৬) ও মালসী (চর্যায় অপর নাম <i>মালসী গবুড়া</i>, পদ- ৩৯ ও ৪০) রাগে ২টি করে এবং অরু (পদ ৪), দেবগিরি (চর্যায় অপর নাম <i>দেবক্রী</i>, পদ ৮), ধানশী (চর্যায় অপর নাম <i>ধনসী</i>,পদ ১৪) ও বঙ্গাল (পদ ৩৩) রাগে একটি করে পদ নিবদ্ধ। ২৫তম পদটি খণ্ডিত ও এর রাগনির্দেশ জানা যায় না।<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference">[২২]</sup></p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.A7.E0.A6.B0.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AE">ধর্ম</span></h2> <p>সিদ্ধাচার্যগণ অসামান্য কবিত্বশক্তির অধিকারী হলেও তাঁরা মূলত ছিলেন সাধক। বৌদ্ধ সহজযানী চিন্তা, দর্শন ও সাধনপদ্ধতিই তাই চর্যাপদের উপজীব্য হয়ে ওঠে। এই সহজযানী দর্শন একান্তই ভাববাদী। সিদ্ধাচার্যগণ সহজমার্গের পথিক ছিলেন। শুষ্ক তত্ত্বকথা নিয়ে তাঁরা সন্তুষ্ট থাকতেন না। সেজন্য প্রথাগত সংস্কারের ধারও তাঁরা ধরতেন না।</p> <p>মায়াপ্রপঞ্চ ও দ্বৈতবোধের উর্ধ্বে স্থিত যে ‘বোধিচিত্ত’, সকল প্রকার দ্বৈতবোধ পরিহার করে সাধনযোগে <i>অবধূতিকা</i>মার্গের পথে সেই ‘বোধিচিত্ত’কে ‘মহাসুখকমল’-এ স্থিত করাই সিদ্ধাচার্যদের সাধনার লক্ষ্য ছিল।<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference">[২৩]</sup> এই ‘মহাসুখ’ সহজযান মতে একটি বিশেষ তত্ত্ব। সাধক ‘মহাসুখ’ লাভ করলে মায়াময় পৃথিবী সম্পর্কে জ্ঞানরহিত হন। এখানে হিন্দুদর্শনের সমাধিতত্ত্বের সঙ্গে ‘মহাসুখ’ দর্শনের সাদৃশ্য লক্ষ করা যায়। চর্যাকারগণ গুরুবাদকে স্বীকার করেছেন। কুক্কুরীপাদের মতে, এক কোটি লোকের মধ্যে একজন চর্যার গূহ্যার্থ অনুধাবনে সক্ষম। সেক্ষেত্রে গুরুভিন্ন গতি নেই।<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference">[২৪]</sup> বাস্তবিকই চর্যার কথা লৌকিক অর্থের বদলে সংকেতে আবৃত হওয়ায় তা সর্বসাধারণের বুদ্ধিতে ঠিক ধরে না। এই দ্বৈতার্থের কয়েকটি নিদর্শন হলো: নিঃশ্বাস-প্রশ্বাস অর্থে 'চন্দ্র', চিত্ত অর্থে 'হরিণ', জ্ঞানমুদ্রা অর্থে 'হরিণী', মহাসুখকায় অর্থে 'নৌকা', শবরী অর্থে 'দেবী নৈরাত্মা' ইত্যাদি।<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference">[২৫]</sup></p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.B8.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.B9.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.A4.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AF.E0.A6.AE.E0.A7.82.E0.A6.B2.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AF">সাহিত্যমূল্য</span></h2> <p>চর্যার বিষয় ধর্মকেন্দ্রিক ও তত্ত্ববহুল হলেও তার বাহ্যিক রূপটি লৌকিক ও সামাজিক জীবনের সঙ্গে অঙ্গাঙ্গীভাবে জড়িত হওয়ায় তার সাহিত্যিক মূল্যটিকে অস্বীকার করা যায় না। চর্যার কোনও কোনও পদে তত্ত্ব তার কাব্যের রূপটিকে ছাপিয়ে গেছে। সেইসব পদের সাহিত্যমূল্য নগন্য। কিন্তু অনেক পদেই যেসকল রূপকের আড়ালে ধর্মকথা ব্যাখ্যাত হয়েছে তার সজীবতা ও পার্থিব সুবাস তাকে একটি সর্বাঙ্গসুন্দর কাব্যচিত্ররূপে তুলে ধরেছে। এইসব পদের সাহিত্যমূল্য অপরিসীম।</p> <p>এই চিত্রকল্পগুলিই চর্যার সাহিত্যমূল্য বহন করছে। গুণ্ডরীপাদের একটি পদ পার্থিব প্রেমের তীব্র আর্তিতে জীবন্ত: “যোইণি তঁই বিণু খনহিঁ ন জীবমি। / তো মুহ চুম্বী কমলরস পীবমি।” (পদ ৪, অর্থাৎ- <i>যোগিনী, তোমাকে ছাড়া মুহুর্তকালও বাঁচব না। তোমার মুখ চুম্বন করে কমলরস অর্থাৎ পদ্মমধু পান করব।</i>)</p> <p>শবরপাদের একটি পদে দেখা যায় নরনারীর প্রেমের এক অপূর্ব চিত্রণ-</p> <div style="margin-left: 2em" class="poem"> <p>উঁচা উঁচা পাবত তঁহি বসই সবরী বালী।<br />মোরঙ্গি পীচ্ছ পরহিণ সবরী গীবত গুঞ্জরী মালী।।<br />উমত সবরো পাগল শবরো মা কর গুলী গুহাডা তোহৌরি।<br />ণিঅ ঘরণী ণামে সহজ সুন্দারী।।<br />ণাণা তরুবর মৌলিল রে গঅণত লাগেলি ডালী।<br />একেলী সবরী এ বণ হিণ্ডই কর্ণ কুণ্ডলবজ্রধারী।।</p> </div> <p>(পদ ২৮, অর্থাৎ- <i>উঁচু পর্বতে শবরী বালিকা বাস করে। তার মাথায় ময়ূরপুচ্ছ, গলায় গুঞ্জামালিকা। নানা তরু মুকুলিত হলো। তাদের শাখা-প্রশাখা আকাশে বিস্তৃত হলো। শবর-শবরীর প্রেমে পাগল হলো। কামনার রঙে তাদের হৃদয় রঙিন ও উদ্দাম। শয্যা পাতা হলো। শবর-শবরী প্রেমাবেশে রাত্রিযাপন করলো।)</i></p> <p>আবার সমাজ ও মানুষের প্রতি অকৃত্রিম দরদও আধুনিক পাঠকের দৃষ্টি আকর্ষণ করে। ঢেণ্ঢণের পদে দেখা যায়– “টালত মোর ঘর নাহি পরবেষী। / হাড়ীত ভাত নাঁহি নিতি আবেশী।” (পদ ৩৩, অর্থাৎ- <i>টিলার উপর আমার ঘর, কোনও প্রতিবেশী নেই। হাঁড়িতেও ভাত নেই, তবু নিত্য অতিথি আসে।</i>)</p> <p>কোনও কোনও পদে নিছক দর্শনকথা অসামান্য চিত্ররূপের মাধ্যমে ফুটে উঠেছে। চাটিল লিখছেন– “ভবণই গহণগম্ভীরা বেগেঁ বাহী। দুআন্তে চিখিল মাঝেঁ ন ঠাহী।” (পদ ৫, অর্থাৎ- <i>ভবনদী গহন ও গম্ভীর অর্থাৎ প্রবল বেগে প্রবহমান। তার দুইতীর কর্দমাক্ত ও পিচ্ছিল।</i>)</p> <p>আবার কখনও বা তত্ত্বের ব্যাখ্যায় যে প্রহেলিকার অবতারণা করা হয়েছে, সেগুলিও অসামান্য সাহিত্যগুণমণ্ডিত হয়ে উঠেছে। যেমন: কুক্কুরীপাদ লিখেছেন– “দুলি দুহি পিটা ধরণ ন জাই। / রুখের তেন্তুলি কুম্ভীরে খাঅ।।” (পদ ২, অর্থাৎ- <i>মাদী কাছিম দোহন করে দুধ পাত্রে রাখা যাচ্ছে না। গাছের তেঁতুল কুমিরে খাচ্ছে।</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference">[২৬]</sup></p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.9A.E0.A6.B0.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AF.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.AA.E0.A6.A6_.E0.A6.93_.E0.A6.AC.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.99.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.B2.E0.A6.BF_.E0.A6.9C.E0.A7.80.E0.A6.AC.E0.A6.A8">চর্যাপদ ও বাঙালি জীবন</span></h2> <p>চর্যাগীতিতে ব্যবহৃত উপমা ও রূপকল্পগুলি তৎকালীন বাংলার সমাজজীবন, পরিবারজীবন ও প্রাকৃতিক উপাদান থেকে সংগৃহীত। প্রসঙ্গত মনে রাখা প্রয়োজন, সেই যুগে বাংলার ভৌগোলিক সীমা আজকের পশ্চিমবঙ্গ-বাংলাদেশ ভূখণ্ডের বাইরেও পূর্বে <span class="mw-redirect">অসম</span> ও পশ্চিমে বিহার, ঝাড়খণ্ড ও পূর্ব <span class="mw-redirect">উত্তর প্রদেশ</span> পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত ছিল। চর্যাকারগণ সাধক হলেও কাঠখোট্টা তত্ত্বজ্ঞানী ছিলেন না। চারপাশের রূপরসময় পৃথিবীর সৌন্দর্য্য তাঁরা অকুণ্ঠ পান করে তাঁদের কাব্যকে সজীব ও প্রাণোচ্ছল করে তুলেছিলেন। এই কারণে তৎকালীন বাংলার ভূগোল ও সমাজ সম্পর্কে যে স্পষ্ট ছবি চর্যাপদ থেকে পাওয়া যায়, তা সেই সময়কার বাঙালির ইতিহাস রচনায় একটি অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ উপাদান।</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.AD.E0.A7.8C.E0.A6.97.E0.A7.8B.E0.A6.B2.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.95_.E0.A6.89.E0.A6.AA.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.A6.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.A8">ভৌগোলিক উপাদান</span></h3> <p>চর্যায় নদী ও নৌকা-সংক্রান্ত রূপকের সংখ্যাধিক্য নদীমাতৃক বাংলার কথা স্মরণ করিয়ে দেয়। সাঁকো, কেডুয়াল, গুণ টানা, দাঁড় টানা, পাল তোলা, সেঁউতি, কাছি, খুণ্টী, উজান বাওয়া প্রভৃতি বারবার চর্যায় উল্লিখিত হয়েছে। ৩৮তম পদে দেখা যায়-</p> <div style="margin-left: 2em" class="poem"> <p>কাঅ ণাবডহি খান্টি মন কেডুয়াল।<br />সদগুরুবঅণে ধর পতবাল। ।</p> </div> <p>অর্থাৎ- <i>কায় [হইল] ছোট নৌকাখানি, মন [হইল] কেরোয়াল। সদ্গুরু-বচনে পতবাল (পাল) ধর।</i> (অনুবাদ: সুকুমার সেন)</p> <p>এছাড়া পর্বত ও অরণ্যের উল্লেখও চর্যায় দেখা যায়।</p><h3><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.B8.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.AE.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.9C.E0.A6.BF.E0.A6.95_.E0.A6.89.E0.A6.AA.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.A6.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.A8">সামাজিক উপাদান</span></h3> <p>চর্যায় <span class="mw-redirect">বাঙালি</span> সমাজের, বিশেষত ব্রাহ্মণ্যপীড়িত অন্ত্যজ সমাজের এক দরদী চিত্র অঙ্কিত হয়েছে। ডোম, শবর, চণ্ডাল প্রভৃতি অন্ত্যজ সম্প্রদায়ের জীবন ও জীবিকার নানা তথ্য এই পদগুলি থেকে জানা যায়। আবার পারিবারিক জীবনের আচার ও ব্যাভিচার উভয়ই সমান দক্ষতায় ফুটে উঠেছে চর্যার পদগুলিতে (২তম পদটি দ্রষ্টব্য)।</p> <p>কাহ্নপাদের একটি পদে সেকালের বিবাহ-অনুষ্ঠানের চিত্র ধরা পড়েছে। সেযুগের খেলাধুলা, নৃত্যগীত ও আমোদপ্রমোদের চিত্রও চর্যাকারগণ সুপটু হাতে এঁকেছেন। বীণাপাদের ১৭তম পদটিতে আছে– “নাচন্তি বাজিল গান্তি দেবী। বুদ্ধ নাটক বিষমা হোই।।” (অর্থাৎ- <i>বজ্রযান নাচছেন, দেবী গাইছেন আর বুদ্ধনাটক অভিনীত হচ্ছে।</i>)</p> <p>এছাড়াও সেযুগের ধর্মীয় ক্রিয়াকাণ্ড, সাজসজ্জা, তৈজসপত্র, বাদ্যযন্ত্র, নিত্যব্যবহার্য জিনিসপত্র, খাদ্যপানীয় সবই চর্যার গানগুলিতে টুকরো টুকরো ছবির আকারে ধরা পড়েছে।<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference">[২৭]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference">[২৮]</sup></p><h2><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.AA.E0.A6.BE.E0.A6.A6.E0.A6.9F.E0.A7.80.E0.A6.95.E0.A6.BE">পাদটীকা</span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-width:40em; -webkit-column-width:40em; column-width:40em;"> <ol class="references" style="list-style-type:upper-alpha;"><li id="cnote_.E0.A6.95"><b>^</b> অধ্যাপক নীহাররঞ্জন রায় মন্তব্য করেছেন, “যত গূহ্য অধ্যাত্মসাধনার গূহ্যতর তত্ত্বই ইহাদের মধ্যে নিহিত থাকুক না কেন, স্থানে স্থানে এমন পদ দু’চারটি আছে যাহার ধ্বনি, ব্যঞ্জনা ও চিত্রগৌরব এক মুহূর্তে মন ও কল্পনাকে অধিকার করে। অথচ, এ-কথাও সত্য যে, সাহিত্যসৃষ্টির উদ্দেশ্যে এই গীতগুলি রচিত হয় নাই, হইয়াছিল বৌদ্ধ সহজসাধনার গূঢ় ইঙ্গিত ও তদনুযায়ী জীবনাচরণের (চর্যার) আনন্দকে ব্যক্ত করিবার জন্য। সহজ সাধনার এই গীতিগুলি কর্তৃক প্রবর্তিত খাতেই পরবর্তীকালের বৈষ্ণব সহজিয়া গান, বৈষ্ণব ও শাক্ত-পদাবলী, আউল-বাউল-মারফতী-মুর্শিদা গানের প্রবাহ বহিয়া চলিয়াছে।” <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference">[২৯]</sup></li></ol><br /><h2><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.97.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.B0.E0.A6.A8.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.A5.E0.A6.B8.E0.A7.82.E0.A6.A4.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.B0">গ্রন্থসূত্র</span></h2> <table class="" style="background-color: transparent; width: 100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="50%"> <p><b>চর্যা পদসংকলন</b></p> <ul><li><i>হাজার বছরের পুরাণ বাঙ্গালা বৌদ্ধ গান ও দোঁহা</i>, হরপ্রসাদ শাস্ত্রী, বঙ্গীয় সাহিত্য পরিষদ, কলকাতা, ১৩২৩</li><li><i>চর্যাগীতি পদাবলী</i>, সুকুমার সেন, আনন্দ পাবলিশার্স প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ১৯৯৫</li><li><i>নব চর্যাপদ</i>, শশিভূষণ দাশগুপ্ত সংগৃহীত ও অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় সম্পাদিত, কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, কলকাতা, ১৯৮৯</li><li><i>চর্যাগীতিকা</i> - সম্পাদনায় মুহম্মদ আবদুল হাই ও আনোয়ার পাশা</li><li>"অবণাগবণ ; সমকালীন বাংলা ভাষায় প্রাচীন চর্যার রূপান্তরিত গীতবাণী", সাইমন জাকারিয়া, <span class="new">অ্যাডর্ন পাবলিকেশন</span>, ঢাকা, ২০১০</li></ul> </td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="50%"> <p><b>সাহিত্যের ইতিহাস ও অন্যান্য আলোচনা</b></p> <ul><li><i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬</li><li><i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের সমগ্র ইতিহাস</i>, ক্ষেত্র গুপ্ত, গ্রন্থনিলয়, কলকাতা, ২০০১</li><li><i>The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language</i>, সুনীতিকুমার চট্টোপাধ্যায়, কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, কলকাতা, ১৯২৬]</li><li><i>Materials for a Critical Edition of the Old Bengali Charyapadas</i> (A comparative study of the text and the Tibetan translation), Part I, প্রবোধচন্দ্র বাগচী, Journal of the Department of Letters, Vol. XXX, কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, কলকাতা, ১৯৩৮</li><li><i>বাঙ্গালীর ইতিহাস: আদি পর্ব</i>, নীহাররঞ্জন রায়, দে’জ পাবলিশিং, কলকাতা, অগ্রহায়ণ, ১৪১০</li><li><i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিহাস</i>, <span class="new">মাহবুবুল আলম</span>??</li><li>"প্রাচীন বাংলার বুদ্ধ নাটক", সাইমন জাকারিয়া, বাংলা একাডেমী, ঢাকা, ২০০৭</li><li>"বাংলাদেশের লোকনাটক ; বিষয় ও আঙ্গিক-বৈচিত্র্য", বাংলা একাডেমী, ঢাকা, ২০০৮</li><li>"বাংলা সাহিত্যের অলিখিত ইতিহাস", সাইমন জাকারিয়া ও নাজমীন মর্তুজা, <span class="new">অ্যাডর্ন পাবলিকেশন</span>, ঢাকা, ২০১০</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><h2><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.A6.A4.E0.A6.A5.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.AF.E0.A6.B8.E0.A7.82.E0.A6.A4.E0.A7.8D.E0.A6.B0">তথ্যসূত্র</span></h2> <div class="references-small references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-sahittosomogro44-0">↑ <sup>১.০</sup> <sup>১.১</sup> <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের সমগ্র ইতিহাস</i>, ক্ষেত্র গুপ্ত, গ্রন্থনিলয়, কলকাতা, ২০০১, পৃ. ৪৪</li><li id="cite_note-itibritto129-130-1">↑ <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ১২৯-১৩০</li><li id="cite_note-2">↑ <i>চর্যাগীতিকা</i>: মুহম্মদ আবদুল হাই ও আনোয়ার পাশা (সম্পা.), ষষ্ঠ সংস্করণ, ১৪১৪ বঙ্গাব্দ, স্টুডেণ্ট ওয়েজ, ঢাকা, বাংলাদেশ।</li><li id="cite_note-3">↑ <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ১৩২</li><li id="cite_note-4">↑ <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ১৩৩</li><li id="cite_note-itibritto-5">↑ <sup>৬.০</sup> <sup>৬.১</sup> <sup>৬.২</sup> <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ১৩৬</li><li id="cite_note-6">↑ <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ৫০৪-১৩ দ্রঃ</li><li id="cite_note-7">↑ <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ১৩৭</li><li id="cite_note-8">↑ <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ১৩৭-৩৮</li><li id="cite_note-9">↑ <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ১৩৮</li><li id="cite_note-chorrjagiti18-10">↑ <sup>১১.০</sup> <sup>১১.১</sup> <sup>১১.২</sup> <i>চর্যাগীতি-পদাবলী</i>, সুকুমার সেন, আনন্দ পাবলিশার্স প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ১৯৯৫, পৃ. ১৮</li><li id="cite_note-11">↑ <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ৮৫-৮৬</li><li id="cite_note-12">↑ <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ১৩৯</li><li id="cite_note-13">↑ <i>চর্যাগীতি-পদাবলী</i>, সুকুমার সেন, আনন্দ পাবলিশার্স প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ১৯৯৫, পৃ. ১৮-১৯</li><li id="cite_note-14">↑ <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ১৪১-৪২</li><li id="cite_note-ittibritto143-15">↑ <sup>১৬.০</sup> <sup>১৬.১</sup> <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ১৪৩</li><li id="cite_note-16">↑ হাজার বছরের পুরাণ বাঙ্গালা বৌদ্ধ গান ও দোঁহা, হরপ্রসাদ শাস্ত্রী, বঙ্গীয় সাহিত্য পরিষদ, কলকাতা, ১৩২৩ দ্রঃ</li><li id="cite_note-17">↑ <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ১৪৪-৪৫</li><li id="cite_note-18">↑ <i>সাধারণ ভাষাবিজ্ঞান ও বাংলা ভাষা</i>, ড. রামেশ্বর শ’, পুস্তক বিপণি, কলকাতা, পৃ. ৬২৭-৩২ দ্র.</li><li id="cite_note-ittibritto145-146-19">↑ <sup>২০.০</sup> <sup>২০.১</sup> <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ১৪৫-১৪৬</li><li id="cite_note-20">↑ <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের সমগ্র ইতিহাস</i>, ক্ষেত্র গুপ্ত, গ্রন্থনিলয়, কলকাতা, ২০০১, পৃ. ৪৭</li><li id="cite_note-21">↑ <i>চর্যাগীতি পদাবলী</i>, সুকুমার সেন, আনন্দ পাবলিশার্স প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ১৯৯৫, ‘মূল পাঠ’ ও ‘শব্দকোষ’ অংশ দ্র.</li><li id="cite_note-22">↑ <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের সমগ্র ইতিহাস</i>, ক্ষেত্র গুপ্ত, গ্রন্থনিলয়, কলকাতা, ২০০১, পৃ. ৪৫</li><li id="cite_note-23">↑ <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ১১৮-২৯ ও ১৪৭-৫০</li><li id="cite_note-24">↑ <i>চর্যাগীতি-পদাবলী</i>, সুকুমার সেন, আনন্দ পাবলিশার্স প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ১৯৯৫, পৃ. ৩৩</li><li id="cite_note-25">↑ <i>চর্যাগীতি-পদাবলী</i>, সুকুমার সেন, আনন্দ পাবলিশার্স প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ১৯৯৫, ‘মূল পাঠ’ ও ‘টিপ্পনী’ অংশ দ্র.</li><li id="cite_note-26">↑ <i>চর্যাগীতি-পদাবলী</i>, সুকুমার সেন, আনন্দ পাবলিশার্স প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ১৯৯৫</li><li id="cite_note-27">↑ <i>বাংলা সাহিত্যের ইতিবৃত্ত</i>, প্রথম খণ্ড, অসিতকুমার বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, মডার্ণ বুক এজেন্সী প্রাইভেট লিমিটেড, কলকাতা, ২০০৬, পৃ. ১৫৪-৫৯</li><li id="cite_note-28">↑ <i>বাঙ্গালীর ইতিহাস: আদি পর্ব</i>, নীহাররঞ্জন রায়, দে’জ পাবলিশিং, কলকাতা, অগ্রহায়ণ, ১৪১০, পৃ. ৬০৮</li></ol> </div> </div><p><br /></p></div></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-30102993436603821872011-04-21T15:11:00.000+05:302011-04-21T15:12:40.957+05:30Digital Name<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvB9qS_Dk8ynkGZKO8f6iMFRxxl63k5HxleIJiiAKKlIuLbNuQyDk-7xUgOTYffNdoZ9v3oKKa8Znf-ekLvkU6NmU2Wxd5MZN2itjWunLabIEdJ33WDkRaKh4DbgKT56-pRGklrjfl2Z8P/s1600/Digital+Name.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 164px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvB9qS_Dk8ynkGZKO8f6iMFRxxl63k5HxleIJiiAKKlIuLbNuQyDk-7xUgOTYffNdoZ9v3oKKa8Znf-ekLvkU6NmU2Wxd5MZN2itjWunLabIEdJ33WDkRaKh4DbgKT56-pRGklrjfl2Z8P/s400/Digital+Name.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597969893703808402" border="0" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-12057930937905759882011-04-21T15:09:00.000+05:302011-04-21T15:11:01.046+05:30Banoful<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPSWRAL9p29Qcxtzkm66Q8Gi7TqdD0_T4w6Glcrp1SwT8xDh-L5Q5ANHHCRQRwRGvNY1KDolc-a7viNfL0joc2rI3zm5P7jw3m3RGAd3018cFOJJk4n5qjXL9vO2aEdTj3IaaHWKI_0Ibq/s1600/Banoful.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPSWRAL9p29Qcxtzkm66Q8Gi7TqdD0_T4w6Glcrp1SwT8xDh-L5Q5ANHHCRQRwRGvNY1KDolc-a7viNfL0joc2rI3zm5P7jw3m3RGAd3018cFOJJk4n5qjXL9vO2aEdTj3IaaHWKI_0Ibq/s400/Banoful.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597969429898476930" border="0" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-7084499408700971932011-04-21T15:07:00.000+05:302011-04-21T15:09:10.926+05:30Rabindranath Thakur<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmHgJmDcuDdrPT-zJOwbEiIIqXtOzNib5n57X2e0l0DeTFcMkgwOXziLtYuX1p9ag52io2-UydMUAfkS0GJ2UZ0cNvorXnFO1wco2tM0-oPqjI2aHO64Oo3gRAEtm4NPnrMgjZPd0CzEH2/s1600/Rabindranath+Thakur1.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 325px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmHgJmDcuDdrPT-zJOwbEiIIqXtOzNib5n57X2e0l0DeTFcMkgwOXziLtYuX1p9ag52io2-UydMUAfkS0GJ2UZ0cNvorXnFO1wco2tM0-oPqjI2aHO64Oo3gRAEtm4NPnrMgjZPd0CzEH2/s400/Rabindranath+Thakur1.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597969002627295842" border="0" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-972864166475068632011-04-21T15:04:00.000+05:302011-04-21T15:07:26.055+05:30Tagore_titolo_poesie<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKZ2QvGHnh6FheYxD6Jz0JhJ4TzpMYpXJAQ3b13a1WdWVZQZ7ttKV6w9iH58PHMk74gNAgGU4ddh2qczeT5J7sbx6oCfhIOedu8bOwxwBlghSsAggVHbJqq5qMdhLHxEiQM3uhyphenhyphenRRurKe3/s1600/tagore_titolo_poesie.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 325px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKZ2QvGHnh6FheYxD6Jz0JhJ4TzpMYpXJAQ3b13a1WdWVZQZ7ttKV6w9iH58PHMk74gNAgGU4ddh2qczeT5J7sbx6oCfhIOedu8bOwxwBlghSsAggVHbJqq5qMdhLHxEiQM3uhyphenhyphenRRurKe3/s400/tagore_titolo_poesie.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597968511136414434" border="0" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-73840975697185473502011-04-21T15:02:00.000+05:302011-04-21T15:03:57.069+05:30Tagore_family_tree<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha9jbVtQIqjFj7CcH_43uaBhvReaNukhFAzpaO_IV1F79qdfipPzJRgnTiJJC16Nqejm5H2ds4xyvcQX7vkePGDoZxCMJ-6iPGi131oVYYDw_o0VK6Gq_jOcUX898sv_BTzyCKiuwIhAZC/s1600/tagore_family_tree.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 238px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha9jbVtQIqjFj7CcH_43uaBhvReaNukhFAzpaO_IV1F79qdfipPzJRgnTiJJC16Nqejm5H2ds4xyvcQX7vkePGDoZxCMJ-6iPGi131oVYYDw_o0VK6Gq_jOcUX898sv_BTzyCKiuwIhAZC/s400/tagore_family_tree.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597967629023440226" border="0" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-66587966163896045742011-04-21T14:58:00.001+05:302011-04-21T15:02:10.957+05:30Rabindranath Thakur<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqz43xtxabZ6P9fTSycIA9vNIdSL4jLjuFR2tUxWoPwKyvLy-wkjNWeCG5fg8IgHxJ_QZaOD-OQE6IsiLcqXsp1bt_qFgYj-T4ACauuT9NM6XRbvrNznYeuWS0mvNUFnDmciJ9GNgljfJZ/s1600/various_artists-aatpourey_rabindranath-cover.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 341px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqz43xtxabZ6P9fTSycIA9vNIdSL4jLjuFR2tUxWoPwKyvLy-wkjNWeCG5fg8IgHxJ_QZaOD-OQE6IsiLcqXsp1bt_qFgYj-T4ACauuT9NM6XRbvrNznYeuWS0mvNUFnDmciJ9GNgljfJZ/s400/various_artists-aatpourey_rabindranath-cover.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597966934942067266" border="0" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-72177340502617123472011-04-21T11:09:00.001+05:302011-04-21T11:11:09.726+05:30Choraidhon<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqFUL91OAVkIul3s2FfG6gogZti9z_22cY-gSVN_u6qLaP1qmZf9xnrRiwvOgHFNFwgTajhMLpbDFTzJ095K04UmG7P2qVH1GVEnJSITRBU2NQdunj_r7gBVjITZ5C18pValDsuMr8dyc/s1600/Choraidhon.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqFUL91OAVkIul3s2FfG6gogZti9z_22cY-gSVN_u6qLaP1qmZf9xnrRiwvOgHFNFwgTajhMLpbDFTzJ095K04UmG7P2qVH1GVEnJSITRBU2NQdunj_r7gBVjITZ5C18pValDsuMr8dyc/s1600/Choraidhon.jpg" border="0" /></a></div> <h3 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="post-title entry-title"><br /></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="post-title entry-title"><br /></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="post-title entry-title">Rabindranath Tagore</h3><br /><div color="red"><a href="http://seomiks.yolasite.com/resources/Choraidhon-Rabindranath%20Tagore.pdf"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 168px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSG7lkvlRS0xWyqn3QMvwV7ZlqIZ9TEx-5VRtcnKfuUUX65hfvIYii4drGmM9CdIvheNX3OVR6wKT1uQsiZTYYhIXAZqewPCEajvZj9TrH-ST9n-GUVMem4El3v0j6W4EmzR-A4PjI9OHI/s400/Download_button+%25281%2529.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597579765077618978" border="0" /></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-45590270726583955282011-04-21T10:58:00.000+05:302011-04-21T11:00:39.518+05:30Chitrokor<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoy2H2e7s1PNFLu99E7IpgAu0r6RMW2swyJUDE2txAdBm4w-maG8c0XJRpml6GKtjPvL495R79BvTamGZanUoOfMpH9OVpImZfp_VhqdGMYTeaEi8vEUoVlMQ3IplEA43tMf9hwjQor1Y/s1600/Chitrokor.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoy2H2e7s1PNFLu99E7IpgAu0r6RMW2swyJUDE2txAdBm4w-maG8c0XJRpml6GKtjPvL495R79BvTamGZanUoOfMpH9OVpImZfp_VhqdGMYTeaEi8vEUoVlMQ3IplEA43tMf9hwjQor1Y/s1600/Chitrokor.jpg" border="0" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></span><h3 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="post-title entry-title">Rabindranath Tagore</h3><br /><div color="red"><a href="http://seomiks.yolasite.com/resources/Chitrokor-Rabindranath%20Tagore.pdf"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 168px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSG7lkvlRS0xWyqn3QMvwV7ZlqIZ9TEx-5VRtcnKfuUUX65hfvIYii4drGmM9CdIvheNX3OVR6wKT1uQsiZTYYhIXAZqewPCEajvZj9TrH-ST9n-GUVMem4El3v0j6W4EmzR-A4PjI9OHI/s400/Download_button+%25281%2529.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597579765077618978" border="0" /></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-61924631215824852542011-04-21T10:57:00.000+05:302011-04-21T10:58:25.168+05:30Chhuti<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbqc4exwqLUjC3KpuVbhYhSge9czpRQ3_Snzc42Su-FoTNlGUB_EfQ46m5U_-PEX55YWycrF0FZpmLlngM4eQWW1k8Rt-Pse4dT5TCw-9u8c8Ow5wYcTb2tgajZi-RnUIhVCUBO-umHd8/s1600/Chhuti.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbqc4exwqLUjC3KpuVbhYhSge9czpRQ3_Snzc42Su-FoTNlGUB_EfQ46m5U_-PEX55YWycrF0FZpmLlngM4eQWW1k8Rt-Pse4dT5TCw-9u8c8Ow5wYcTb2tgajZi-RnUIhVCUBO-umHd8/s1600/Chhuti.jpg" border="0" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></span></span><h3 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="post-title entry-title">Rabindranath Tagore</h3><br /><div color="red"><a href="http://seomiks.yolasite.com/resources/Chhuti-Rabindranath%20Tagore.pdf"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 168px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSG7lkvlRS0xWyqn3QMvwV7ZlqIZ9TEx-5VRtcnKfuUUX65hfvIYii4drGmM9CdIvheNX3OVR6wKT1uQsiZTYYhIXAZqewPCEajvZj9TrH-ST9n-GUVMem4El3v0j6W4EmzR-A4PjI9OHI/s400/Download_button+%25281%2529.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597579765077618978" border="0" /></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-49798604365526147512011-04-21T10:54:00.001+05:302011-04-21T10:56:30.931+05:30Bostomi<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4qsb-0HDCFbdNDIAKE5J4tiK3anID8piPJIPE0Xuomf59qNpErb2fGs0bdoOmCtkHRQ10tkDvU0pv5q288510OIgIBBg4aG3TNm9IunMrkiMuhgdHyFGVGPSLN49SldVQ0SJhHm4FRlc/s1600/Bostomi.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4qsb-0HDCFbdNDIAKE5J4tiK3anID8piPJIPE0Xuomf59qNpErb2fGs0bdoOmCtkHRQ10tkDvU0pv5q288510OIgIBBg4aG3TNm9IunMrkiMuhgdHyFGVGPSLN49SldVQ0SJhHm4FRlc/s1600/Bostomi.jpg" border="0" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4qsb-0HDCFbdNDIAKE5J4tiK3anID8piPJIPE0Xuomf59qNpErb2fGs0bdoOmCtkHRQ10tkDvU0pv5q288510OIgIBBg4aG3TNm9IunMrkiMuhgdHyFGVGPSLN49SldVQ0SJhHm4FRlc/s1600/Bostomi.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br /><h3 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="post-title entry-title">Rabindranath Tagore<br /></h3><br /><div color="red"><a href="http://seomiks.yolasite.com/resources/Bostomi-Rabindranath%20Tagore.pdf"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 168px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSG7lkvlRS0xWyqn3QMvwV7ZlqIZ9TEx-5VRtcnKfuUUX65hfvIYii4drGmM9CdIvheNX3OVR6wKT1uQsiZTYYhIXAZqewPCEajvZj9TrH-ST9n-GUVMem4El3v0j6W4EmzR-A4PjI9OHI/s400/Download_button+%25281%2529.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597579765077618978" border="0" /></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-73405935349829634892011-04-21T10:50:00.001+05:302011-04-21T10:52:48.246+05:30Bodnam<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbTLbrV98trNUveiTHeUxeN-5BxDSIeTQ21vLuIc69-FSqldDEiEttuQnVfXCv2EA1WomQVu6HG9MxHYiM6OTfH01NDZqHkBhS_lpQKby5PGTb3rgkoEBdDJeGe9gyyEXWX_cL48jxwRY/s1600/Bodnam.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbTLbrV98trNUveiTHeUxeN-5BxDSIeTQ21vLuIc69-FSqldDEiEttuQnVfXCv2EA1WomQVu6HG9MxHYiM6OTfH01NDZqHkBhS_lpQKby5PGTb3rgkoEBdDJeGe9gyyEXWX_cL48jxwRY/s1600/Bodnam.jpg" border="0" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></span></span><h3 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="post-title entry-title">Rabindranath Tagore</h3><br /><div color="red"><a href="http://seomiks.yolasite.com/resources/Bodnam-Rabindranath%20Tagore.pdf"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 168px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSG7lkvlRS0xWyqn3QMvwV7ZlqIZ9TEx-5VRtcnKfuUUX65hfvIYii4drGmM9CdIvheNX3OVR6wKT1uQsiZTYYhIXAZqewPCEajvZj9TrH-ST9n-GUVMem4El3v0j6W4EmzR-A4PjI9OHI/s400/Download_button+%25281%2529.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597579765077618978" border="0" /></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-74695614472929535532011-04-21T10:43:00.001+05:302011-04-21T10:47:25.576+05:30Bicharok<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYw9QOUw_x8qvrIn880ESnG0I2VQJ75t7Hy4lpmlQYpXI1Js6_Qfs3GYx3fU6jnKuBGN_IKcLFEAdxefZ2wsZ793K0H2G1ueTzZQuEQLunm4HKeZbp2cm7LHFjVxirmp2vsxUF8Usyr0w/s1600/Bicharok.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYw9QOUw_x8qvrIn880ESnG0I2VQJ75t7Hy4lpmlQYpXI1Js6_Qfs3GYx3fU6jnKuBGN_IKcLFEAdxefZ2wsZ793K0H2G1ueTzZQuEQLunm4HKeZbp2cm7LHFjVxirmp2vsxUF8Usyr0w/s1600/Bicharok.jpg" border="0" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size:large;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-size:large;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></span></span><h3 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="post-title entry-title">Rabindranath Tagore</h3><br /><div color="red"><a href="http://seomiks.yolasite.com/resources/Bicharok-Rabindranath%20Tagore.pdf"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 168px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSG7lkvlRS0xWyqn3QMvwV7ZlqIZ9TEx-5VRtcnKfuUUX65hfvIYii4drGmM9CdIvheNX3OVR6wKT1uQsiZTYYhIXAZqewPCEajvZj9TrH-ST9n-GUVMem4El3v0j6W4EmzR-A4PjI9OHI/s400/Download_button+%25281%2529.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597579765077618978" border="0" /></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-13132788949951722262011-04-21T10:42:00.001+05:302011-04-21T10:48:29.061+05:30Bhikharini<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNh6uVHTZbyeRaGQa8JHPItiZu0hQqLUWvmtIGdGdwOjcTKqaUvdEin7fX4RVAZozeAI4gSIIfAxSu-BSBw80jwFVNaAUDK0y8yrf8ilEIfKZYbg8nLkAA0aLZwOKM0l-o4hYuXDwNRuE/s1600/Bhikharini.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNh6uVHTZbyeRaGQa8JHPItiZu0hQqLUWvmtIGdGdwOjcTKqaUvdEin7fX4RVAZozeAI4gSIIfAxSu-BSBw80jwFVNaAUDK0y8yrf8ilEIfKZYbg8nLkAA0aLZwOKM0l-o4hYuXDwNRuE/s1600/Bhikharini.jpg" border="0" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size:large;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-size:large;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></span></span><h3 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="post-title entry-title">Rabindranath Tagore</h3><br /><div color="red"><a href="http://seomiks.yolasite.com/resources/Bhikharini-Rabindranath%20Tagore.pdf"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 168px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSG7lkvlRS0xWyqn3QMvwV7ZlqIZ9TEx-5VRtcnKfuUUX65hfvIYii4drGmM9CdIvheNX3OVR6wKT1uQsiZTYYhIXAZqewPCEajvZj9TrH-ST9n-GUVMem4El3v0j6W4EmzR-A4PjI9OHI/s400/Download_button+%25281%2529.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597579765077618978" border="0" /></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-55867120295227858712011-04-21T10:37:00.001+05:302011-04-21T10:40:44.439+05:30Bharatborsher Itihas<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdpIXpw8DlDGEEtO6iHuSZR1Qqj-sCkhPkef_-eAMyOc_jkntu-FCgAhLd3Y3qyzEqTymTqqwD85uYbnTFDKc-Cu_7o3_r0ngO_M3VC6ObW4YLoPoWc6EoqGMdzojWPHEVs87eNstw65Y/s1600/Bharatborsher+itihas.jpeg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdpIXpw8DlDGEEtO6iHuSZR1Qqj-sCkhPkef_-eAMyOc_jkntu-FCgAhLd3Y3qyzEqTymTqqwD85uYbnTFDKc-Cu_7o3_r0ngO_M3VC6ObW4YLoPoWc6EoqGMdzojWPHEVs87eNstw65Y/s1600/Bharatborsher+itihas.jpeg" border="0" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><h3 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="post-title entry-title">Rabindranath Tagore</h3><br /><br /><div color="red"><a href="http://seomiks.yolasite.com/resources/Bharatbarshoer_itihash_rabin-Rabindranath%20Tagore.pdf"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 168px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSG7lkvlRS0xWyqn3QMvwV7ZlqIZ9TEx-5VRtcnKfuUUX65hfvIYii4drGmM9CdIvheNX3OVR6wKT1uQsiZTYYhIXAZqewPCEajvZj9TrH-ST9n-GUVMem4El3v0j6W4EmzR-A4PjI9OHI/s400/Download_button+%25281%2529.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597579765077618978" border="0" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3728885434481346577.post-63031577352694319932011-04-21T01:17:00.001+05:302011-04-21T01:21:06.050+05:30ব্যাবধান<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVTywkcibVTKv_Zl4DK9UMBadJhvZhtSrJUErRUYHXzIhZQVUnmjSqgrjWeOH9iM4P_CHoWLhmN3aLlaL-aGbO8U2CTfMkaBG2A2VX_bkgxt9TiBdZt-ZeoI0W8p05hQxXZ6TyeonOZr0/s1600/Bebodhan.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVTywkcibVTKv_Zl4DK9UMBadJhvZhtSrJUErRUYHXzIhZQVUnmjSqgrjWeOH9iM4P_CHoWLhmN3aLlaL-aGbO8U2CTfMkaBG2A2VX_bkgxt9TiBdZt-ZeoI0W8p05hQxXZ6TyeonOZr0/s1600/Bebodhan.jpg" border="0" /></a></div><h3 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="post-title entry-title"><br /></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="post-title entry-title"><br /></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="post-title entry-title"><br /></h3><h3 style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);" class="post-title entry-title">Rabindranath Tagore</h3><br /><div color="red"><a href="http://seomiks.yolasite.com/resources/Bebodhan-Rabindranath%20Tagore.pdf"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 168px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSG7lkvlRS0xWyqn3QMvwV7ZlqIZ9TEx-5VRtcnKfuUUX65hfvIYii4drGmM9CdIvheNX3OVR6wKT1uQsiZTYYhIXAZqewPCEajvZj9TrH-ST9n-GUVMem4El3v0j6W4EmzR-A4PjI9OHI/s400/Download_button+%25281%2529.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5597579765077618978" border="0" /></a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0